Download Đề tài Basic sentence patterns in English and Vietnamese
Vietnamese students often repeat subject and object in their translation because of their habit of mentioning both topic and subject in one sentence and the practice of word-by-word translation. They think that repeating subject or object can emphasize or clarify the sentence.
As a teacher, what can we do to Giúp student correct these errors? Based on contrastive analysis between the basic sentence patterns in English and Vietnamese and the cause of two common errors given above, I discuss some implications of the study for language teaching and learning.
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DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
µ
Basic sentence patterns
in English and Vietnamese
Instructor : Nguyen Ngoc Vu
Student : Nguyen Thi Ai Thu
HCMC, 30/12/2009
Basic sentence patterns
in English and Vietnamese
A contrast analysis
“I give to him some sweets. (tui cho nó mấy cái kẹo)”
This sentence above extracted from a Vietnamese student’s translating Vietnamese sentence into English. Why did this student make errors? In dealing with learners’ errors, Lado states “since the learner tends to transfer the habits of his native language structure to the foreign language, we have here the major source of difficulty or ease in learning the structure of a foreign language. Those structures that are similar will be easy to learn because they will be transferred and may function satisfactorily in the foreign language. Those structures that are different will be difficult because when transferred they will not function satisfactorily in the foreign language and will therefore have to be changed.”
Vietnamese students usually make errors when translating Vietnamese sentence into English because there are some differences between Vietnamese and English grammar. This paper will focus on these differences and classify some error types that students often meet.
In the first part of this paper, we will discuss types of the basic sentence patterns in English and Vietnamese and make comparison between English and Vietnamese to find out whether Vietnamese has the same basic sentence patterns or not.
The second part focuses on some errors types that students often meet and how to conduct teaching translating Vietnamese sentence into English.
Before we explore the basic sentence patterns in English and Vietnamese, it is important to understand definition of the sentence, element of the sentence and their functions. Traditional grammar defines that a sentence is ‘a group of words expressing a complete thought’ or ‘a group of words that begins with a capital letter and ends with a period’. Vietnamese and English sentence have two main elements: subject and predicate. Lynnm Berk defines that “the grammatical subject of the sentence is often the conversational subject, i.e, the person or thing that the sentence is about. The predicate often makes a comment about that subject, i.e, it ‘predicate’ “. We often see that in a simple sentence, a subject is a single structure, while a predicate can have internal structure.
Subject
predicate
The child
slept
The child
threw the ball
His mother
considers him quite handsome
The predicate must contain a verb and can contain other structure such as a direct object, an indirect object, various complement structures, and adverbs. In other words, there are different elements with different functions in the sentence. According to “A university Grammar of English” there are five elements in English sentence, including subject(S), verb (V), object (O), complement(C), adjunct (A). According to “Thành phần câu Tiếng Việt”, there are seven elements in Vietnamese sentence, including Subject-chủ ngữ(C), verb(V), object-bổ ngữ (B), theme-complement- khởi ngữ( K), disjunct- tình thái ngữ(T), định ngữ- complement (Đ), trạng ngữ - adverbial(Tr).
In general, English and Vietnamese have the same elements: subject, verb, object, adjunct (adverbial) and complement. But in Vietnamese has two elements that has not in English. They are theme complement (khởi ngữ) and disjunct (tình thái ngữ). Every element may play different functions in sentences. Now we will step by step analyze each element’s function in detail.
Subject
In English, a subject is normally a noun phrase or any word classes that function as a noun phrases and always precedes the verb in the sentence. In Vietnamese, the subject has two types: the subject that co-occurs with verb and the subject that co-occurs with copulas là. In first type, the subject can be a noun (Cầu sập) or a noun that show person’s parts of body (Chân anh ta gẫy rồi), pronoun (chúng nó đi học) and “subject-verb structure” (Nhà cháy làm bị thương hai người). In this type, the subject always precedes the verb in sentence. The second type, the subject can be a noun (Ba là sinh viên), a verb (Học tập là nhiệm vụ chính) or a pronoun (Họ là công nhân). In this type, the subject can change its position.
In short, the subject in Vietnamese and English sentence has both similarities and differences. Similarly, the subject is a noun, pronoun, noun phrases and always precedes the verb in the sentence. However, in Vietnamese, the subject can co-occur with copulas là and can changes its position. In addition, subject in Vietnamese sentence can be “subject-verb structure”
Verb
In English, verb is the main part of verb phrase and always combines with tense in the sentence. Verb can be intransitive verb, transitive verb or state verb/state of being verb. In Vietnamese, there are three types of verb. First, verb combines directly with the subject that does not need copula in the affirmative and negative form (tui đọc sách/tui không đọc sách). Second, verb combines with the subject that has copula in the affirmative and negative form (tui là sinh viên/tui không phải là sinh viên). Third, in the affirmative form verb combines directly with the subject, but in the negative form it combines the subject that have copula (Anh ấy 30 tuổi/Anh ấy không phải 30 tuổi).
The conclusion here is that the verb in Vietnamese and English sentence is different. In my opinion, the verb in English sentence is more complex than in Vietnamese because we must distinguish intransitive verb, transitive verb and state verb. Verbs that can be followed by direct objects are considered transitive. The intransitive verb is not followed by a direct object (or an indirect object) although it is often followed by adverbs that express time or place.
Object
In English, object is a noun phrase or a prepositional phrase. Some sentences have two objects, named direct (D.O) and indirect object (I.O) or sometimes object 1 and object 2. The indirect object normally refers to a person (more particularly the person who is recipient or who benefits from the action). In Vietnamese, Object can be a noun or noun phrase (Thợ may may áo), verb or verb phrase (Cụ tui muốn về/Sinh viên thích chơi trò chơi điện tử) or a “subject-verb structure” (Thầy giáo hi vọng mọi học sinh đều thành đạt). Some Vietnamese sentences also have two objects: direct and indirect object. To classify direct object and indirect object, we indicate whether the object combines preposition or not.
Cô ta gởi thư(direct object) cho mẹ( indirect object)
“mẹ” is direct object because “mẹ” combines with preposition “ cho”
Paraphrase: cô ta gởi mẹ một bức thư
In short, the object in Vietnamese and English sentence also both has similarities and differences. It can be a noun or a noun phrase. However, in Vietnamese, the object can be verb, verb phrase or a “subject-verb structure”.
Complement
In English, complement is a noun phrase or an adjective phrase (Jim has become a qualified engineer). In Vietnamese, complement is second component in the sentence. It can place before the sentence or between subject and predicate. (Đột nhiên cậu ta nảy ý định bỏ học/ Cậu ta đột nhiên nảy ra ý định bỏ học)
Adjunct
In English, adjunct is normally an optional element in clause structure and may be freely add to any clause. It gives circumstantial information about the action or event the clause refers to information about: time (when or how long), place (position or direction), manner, and cause. It can be an adverb phrase (John was playing as well as he could), a prepositional phrase (John was playing with great skill) or a noun phrase (John was going last week), finite verb clauses (John was playing although he was very tired), non finite verb clauses (John was playing to win), verbless clauses (John was playing, unaware of the danger), -ing participle( wishing to encourage him, they praised Tom), -ed participle ( If urged by our Friends, we will stay)
Similarly, In Vietnamese, Adverbial refers to place (Cơn ớn lạnh cứ lan ra khắp thân hình hắn), time (Lúc nào cũng vậy, sự giận dữ làm người ta mù quáng), purpose (Bố mẹ cho An một ít tiền để mua sách vở), cause (Vì lợi ích mười năm trồng cây), manner (Bất chợt cơn mưa ập đến), definite (tui đến anh ngay nếu trời tạnh mưa).
Theme- complement (khởi ngữ) and disjunct( tình thái ngữ)
In English, there are no two elements above. ...
Download miễn phí Đề tài Basic sentence patterns in English and Vietnamese
Vietnamese students often repeat subject and object in their translation because of their habit of mentioning both topic and subject in one sentence and the practice of word-by-word translation. They think that repeating subject or object can emphasize or clarify the sentence.
As a teacher, what can we do to Giúp student correct these errors? Based on contrastive analysis between the basic sentence patterns in English and Vietnamese and the cause of two common errors given above, I discuss some implications of the study for language teaching and learning.
Để tải bản DOC Đầy Đủ thì Trả lời bài viết này, mình sẽ gửi Link download cho
Tóm tắt nội dung:
HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATIONDEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
µ
Basic sentence patterns
in English and Vietnamese
Instructor : Nguyen Ngoc Vu
Student : Nguyen Thi Ai Thu
HCMC, 30/12/2009
Basic sentence patterns
in English and Vietnamese
A contrast analysis
“I give to him some sweets. (tui cho nó mấy cái kẹo)”
This sentence above extracted from a Vietnamese student’s translating Vietnamese sentence into English. Why did this student make errors? In dealing with learners’ errors, Lado states “since the learner tends to transfer the habits of his native language structure to the foreign language, we have here the major source of difficulty or ease in learning the structure of a foreign language. Those structures that are similar will be easy to learn because they will be transferred and may function satisfactorily in the foreign language. Those structures that are different will be difficult because when transferred they will not function satisfactorily in the foreign language and will therefore have to be changed.”
Vietnamese students usually make errors when translating Vietnamese sentence into English because there are some differences between Vietnamese and English grammar. This paper will focus on these differences and classify some error types that students often meet.
In the first part of this paper, we will discuss types of the basic sentence patterns in English and Vietnamese and make comparison between English and Vietnamese to find out whether Vietnamese has the same basic sentence patterns or not.
The second part focuses on some errors types that students often meet and how to conduct teaching translating Vietnamese sentence into English.
Before we explore the basic sentence patterns in English and Vietnamese, it is important to understand definition of the sentence, element of the sentence and their functions. Traditional grammar defines that a sentence is ‘a group of words expressing a complete thought’ or ‘a group of words that begins with a capital letter and ends with a period’. Vietnamese and English sentence have two main elements: subject and predicate. Lynnm Berk defines that “the grammatical subject of the sentence is often the conversational subject, i.e, the person or thing that the sentence is about. The predicate often makes a comment about that subject, i.e, it ‘predicate’ “. We often see that in a simple sentence, a subject is a single structure, while a predicate can have internal structure.
Subject
predicate
The child
slept
The child
threw the ball
His mother
considers him quite handsome
The predicate must contain a verb and can contain other structure such as a direct object, an indirect object, various complement structures, and adverbs. In other words, there are different elements with different functions in the sentence. According to “A university Grammar of English” there are five elements in English sentence, including subject(S), verb (V), object (O), complement(C), adjunct (A). According to “Thành phần câu Tiếng Việt”, there are seven elements in Vietnamese sentence, including Subject-chủ ngữ(C), verb(V), object-bổ ngữ (B), theme-complement- khởi ngữ( K), disjunct- tình thái ngữ(T), định ngữ- complement (Đ), trạng ngữ - adverbial(Tr).
In general, English and Vietnamese have the same elements: subject, verb, object, adjunct (adverbial) and complement. But in Vietnamese has two elements that has not in English. They are theme complement (khởi ngữ) and disjunct (tình thái ngữ). Every element may play different functions in sentences. Now we will step by step analyze each element’s function in detail.
Subject
In English, a subject is normally a noun phrase or any word classes that function as a noun phrases and always precedes the verb in the sentence. In Vietnamese, the subject has two types: the subject that co-occurs with verb and the subject that co-occurs with copulas là. In first type, the subject can be a noun (Cầu sập) or a noun that show person’s parts of body (Chân anh ta gẫy rồi), pronoun (chúng nó đi học) and “subject-verb structure” (Nhà cháy làm bị thương hai người). In this type, the subject always precedes the verb in sentence. The second type, the subject can be a noun (Ba là sinh viên), a verb (Học tập là nhiệm vụ chính) or a pronoun (Họ là công nhân). In this type, the subject can change its position.
In short, the subject in Vietnamese and English sentence has both similarities and differences. Similarly, the subject is a noun, pronoun, noun phrases and always precedes the verb in the sentence. However, in Vietnamese, the subject can co-occur with copulas là and can changes its position. In addition, subject in Vietnamese sentence can be “subject-verb structure”
Verb
In English, verb is the main part of verb phrase and always combines with tense in the sentence. Verb can be intransitive verb, transitive verb or state verb/state of being verb. In Vietnamese, there are three types of verb. First, verb combines directly with the subject that does not need copula in the affirmative and negative form (tui đọc sách/tui không đọc sách). Second, verb combines with the subject that has copula in the affirmative and negative form (tui là sinh viên/tui không phải là sinh viên). Third, in the affirmative form verb combines directly with the subject, but in the negative form it combines the subject that have copula (Anh ấy 30 tuổi/Anh ấy không phải 30 tuổi).
The conclusion here is that the verb in Vietnamese and English sentence is different. In my opinion, the verb in English sentence is more complex than in Vietnamese because we must distinguish intransitive verb, transitive verb and state verb. Verbs that can be followed by direct objects are considered transitive. The intransitive verb is not followed by a direct object (or an indirect object) although it is often followed by adverbs that express time or place.
Object
In English, object is a noun phrase or a prepositional phrase. Some sentences have two objects, named direct (D.O) and indirect object (I.O) or sometimes object 1 and object 2. The indirect object normally refers to a person (more particularly the person who is recipient or who benefits from the action). In Vietnamese, Object can be a noun or noun phrase (Thợ may may áo), verb or verb phrase (Cụ tui muốn về/Sinh viên thích chơi trò chơi điện tử) or a “subject-verb structure” (Thầy giáo hi vọng mọi học sinh đều thành đạt). Some Vietnamese sentences also have two objects: direct and indirect object. To classify direct object and indirect object, we indicate whether the object combines preposition or not.
Cô ta gởi thư(direct object) cho mẹ( indirect object)
“mẹ” is direct object because “mẹ” combines with preposition “ cho”
Paraphrase: cô ta gởi mẹ một bức thư
In short, the object in Vietnamese and English sentence also both has similarities and differences. It can be a noun or a noun phrase. However, in Vietnamese, the object can be verb, verb phrase or a “subject-verb structure”.
Complement
In English, complement is a noun phrase or an adjective phrase (Jim has become a qualified engineer). In Vietnamese, complement is second component in the sentence. It can place before the sentence or between subject and predicate. (Đột nhiên cậu ta nảy ý định bỏ học/ Cậu ta đột nhiên nảy ra ý định bỏ học)
Adjunct
In English, adjunct is normally an optional element in clause structure and may be freely add to any clause. It gives circumstantial information about the action or event the clause refers to information about: time (when or how long), place (position or direction), manner, and cause. It can be an adverb phrase (John was playing as well as he could), a prepositional phrase (John was playing with great skill) or a noun phrase (John was going last week), finite verb clauses (John was playing although he was very tired), non finite verb clauses (John was playing to win), verbless clauses (John was playing, unaware of the danger), -ing participle( wishing to encourage him, they praised Tom), -ed participle ( If urged by our Friends, we will stay)
Similarly, In Vietnamese, Adverbial refers to place (Cơn ớn lạnh cứ lan ra khắp thân hình hắn), time (Lúc nào cũng vậy, sự giận dữ làm người ta mù quáng), purpose (Bố mẹ cho An một ít tiền để mua sách vở), cause (Vì lợi ích mười năm trồng cây), manner (Bất chợt cơn mưa ập đến), definite (tui đến anh ngay nếu trời tạnh mưa).
Theme- complement (khởi ngữ) and disjunct( tình thái ngữ)
In English, there are no two elements above. ...