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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I
TABLE OF CONTENTS II
ABBREVIATIONS III
PART I: INTRODUCTION
1 Rationale of the study 1
2 Scope of the study 1
3 Aims of the study 2
4 Methods of the study 2
5 Design of the study 3
PART II: DEVELOPMENT
CHAPTER I : THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
1. 1 Translation theory 4
1. 1.1 Definition of translation 4
1. 1.2 Translation strategies and translation procedures 4
1. 1.3 Technical translation 6
1. 1.4 Translation of Neologisms 6
1.1.5 Translation of non-equivalence at word and above word level 8
1.2 Terminology
1.2.1 Definition of terminology 13
1.2.2 Main characteristics of terminology 14
1.2.2.1 Accurateness 14
1.2.2.2 Systematism 14
1.2.2.3 Internationalism 15
1.2.2.4 Nationalism 15
1.2.2.5 Popularity 15
1.2.3 Creation of terminology 15
1.2.4 The distinction between terms and words 16
CHAPTER II: CLASSIFICATION OF ECONOMIC TERMINOLOGY IN ECONOMIC TEXTBOOK
2. 1 An introduction to the textbook 17
2.2 Classification of economic terminology according to their compositions 18
2. 2.1 One-word terms and neologisms 18
2.2.1.1 One-word terms in the form of verb 18
2.2.1.2 One-word terms in the form of noun 19
2.2.1.3 Eponyms derived from the names of economists 20
2.2.1.4 Economic acronyms 20
2. 2.2 Above-word-level terms 20
2. 2.2.1 Nominal group 21
2. 2.2.2 Economic above-word-level terms in the form of nominal group 22
CHAPTER III: THE ENGLISH - VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION OF ECONOMIC TERMS
3.1 The translation of economic terms at word level and neologisms from English into Vietnamese 25
3.1.1 Translation by recognized translation 25
3.1.2 Translation by a calque or loan translation 26
3.1.3 Translation by loan transcription 27
3.1.4 Translation by paraphrase using unrelated word 28
3.1.5 Translation by paraphrase using a related word 28
3. 2 The translation of above -word -level economic terms from English into Vietnamese 29
3. 2.1 Translation by shifts or transpositions 30
3. 2.1.1 Translation with automatic change in word order 30
3. 2.1.2 Translation by a rank-shift 33
3 .2. 2 Translation by omission 36
3.2.3 Translation by paraphrase 37
3.3 Appropriate strategies in translating economic terminology
from English into Vietnamese 38
3.4 Conclusion 39
PART III: CONCLUSION
1 Issues addressed in the study 40
2 Implications 40
3 Suggestions for further study 42
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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It is common knowledge that technological terminology is volatile due to the changes and continual development of science and technology. Both primary and secondary term formation in technology is affected by a proliferation of variants and synonyms which occur to satisfy the need for popular versions of scientific terms and product differentiation.
1.2.4. The distinction between terms and words
It is necessary to distinguish between terminology and ordinary words. Baker (1998) claims that: “Terms differ from words in that they are endowed with a special form of reference, namely that they refer to discrete conceptual entities, properties, activities or relations which constitute the knowledge space of a particular subject field.”
In addition, meanwhile words function in general reference or a variety of subject fields, terms have special reference within a particular discipline and they keep their lives and meanings only when they serve the system of knowledge that create them.
Despite the distinction between terms and words mentioned above, the boundary between them is not a clear cut, as many terms become ordinary words when they are closed to daily life and used with high frequency, and many words become terms when they are used in specialized field.
chapter two
Classification of economic terminology in The textbook “Business Law”
2. 1. An introduction to the textbook
The book “Business Law with UCC Applications”, Ninth Edition, has been written to reflect the many changes that have taken place in business laws over the past years. Business laws are presented in the most coherent and accessible way and up-to-date business law topics that are essential to today students are provided. The cogent writing style is one of the book’s outstanding features. Several issues including in nine parts with forty-three chapters namely: Ethnics, Law, and the Judicial System; Contract Law; Sales and Consumer Protection; Property; Negotiable Instruments; Insurance, Secured Transactions, and Bankruptcy; Agency and Employment; Business Organization and Regulation; Emerging Trends and Issues are presented in the book. The coverage of Consumer Protection, banking, and intellectual property law has been completely updated.
Each chapter begins with an outline followed by an interesting commentary newly entitled “The Opening Gavel”. Major headings and chapter summaries continue to be numbered following the chapter outline. The popular case illustration, presenting either hypothetical or actual situations based on well-founded court decisions, have been retained and updated. Each of the part of the texts is followed by a case study that summarizes an actual litigated case which, presents a lengthy extract from the judge’s decision, and provide follow-up questions that are pertinent to the case and appropriate as a review of the legal concepts presented. Pedagogical activities at the end of each chapter, including Key terms, questions for Review and Discussion, and Cases for Analysis, Giúp students self-check their understanding of the terms and concepts presented in the chapter. The Ninth Edition of Business Law with UCC Applications offers a comprehensive package of materials to meet both instructors’ and students’ need.
2.2. Classification of economic terminology according to their grammatical compositions.
Economic terms can be classified into two groups according to their grammatical compositions including one-word terms and above-word-level terms.
2. 2.1. One-word terms and Neologisms
In English technical and scientific terms which are formed of one word hold a remarkable proportion among others. In the surveyed chapters in the textbook “Business Law” one-word terms account for a large percentage which are usually nouns or verbs and Neologism. On average, the one-word terms and Neologisms investigated hold nearly 12% of the total words. For instance, on page 211 the number of one-word terms is 42 of 500 total words comprising 8.4%, on page 215 is 63/488 nearly 12.8% and 60/403 holding 15% on page 258.
2. 2.1.1. One-word terms in the form of verb
The economic terms in the form of a verb represent 17% of all the terms investigated in the textbook. For example, on page 215 the total terms are 79 of which a verb terms are 16 representing nearly 20.3%, on page 227 is 17/89 nearly 19%, and the ratio is 10/80 about 12.5% on page 275 such as: buy, sell, transact, offer, trade, transfer, cover, damage, break, lend, borrow, cost, deal, distribute, exchange, deposit, etc.,
A typical feature of these terms is that they are changeable; that is, they can appear either in the form of a verb or a noun at different positions in the same text or in the same sentence to avoid reiteration such an in the following sentence:
“It is not unusual for goods to be stolen, damaged, or destroyed while they are awaiting
shipment, are being shipped, or are awaiting pickup after a sales contract has been entered
into.” (Business Law 1997: 227).
Most of these one-verb terms have their nouns to be used as alternatives, for example, transaction, sale, coverage, coverage, distribution, deposit, etc.
Another particular feature of these verbs is that each verb usually goes with one or two certain nouns in their collocations, for example: buy goods, produce consumer articles, invest a big amount of money, sell products, etc.,
2. 2.1.2. One-word terms in the form of a noun
Economic terms appear in the form of a noun are various including nouns derived from verbs mentioned above and make up the proportion of about 25% of all terms investigated. For example: insolvent, acquittance, venture, merchant, tender, title, carrier, etc., This group of terms are divided into two sub-groups as the followings:
2.2.1.2.1. Subtechnical terms
The subtechnical terms hold a notable percentage about 38% in the text book. For example, on the investigated pages 226, 232 and 258 the number of technical terms are 21/54, 15/40, and 15/43 of total terms making up approximately 39%, 37% and 36% respectively. For examples: caution, commission, consideration, regular, complement, dividents, substitute, conversion, draft, settlement, etc.,
Many of economic terms are normal words which lose their “normal” meaning and acquire their special meanings in this subject. For instance, the normal meaning of the word ‘title’ is ‘name of a book, work of art’ (tiêu đề) meanwhile in the usage as an economic term, its special meaning is ‘right to ownership of property with or without possession’ (quyền sở hữu).
Followings are some more examples of subtechnical terms:
act: chứng thư
carrier: người chuyên chở
offer: chào giá
curency: tiền mặt
cover: bảo lãnh
firm: hãng
transfer: chuyển khoản
stock: cổ phiếu
article: mặt hàng
assessment: phân bổ
branch: chi nhánh
property: tài sản
Unless the users of subtechnical terms have made themselves acquainted with the general meaning of the words which popularly exist in General English it is possible that they may be confused in the usages of these words as they take on special meaning in a concrete scientific and technical field. These terms are only clear to them when they have a thorough understanding about that subject.
2.2.1.2.2. Highly technical terms
In the investigated part of this book, highly technical terms holds about 25% of all the terms. As on page 244 the number of highly technical terms is 12 of 40 total terms comprising 30%, on page 258 is 10 of 45 terms, about 22% and on page 279 is 14 of 42 terms, nearly 33%. Following are some of the frequently used highly technical terms on the pages investigated.
Buyer, carrier, seller, insolvent, shipment, freight, payment, resell, manufacture, resale, profit, merchandise on page 244.
Contract, warranty, trade, goods, merchant, client, deliver on page 258
Loan, transaction, money, purchase, credit, debtor, creditor, account, payment, finance, consumer, bank, business, income on page 279
2. 2.1.3. Eponyms derived from the names of economists
It is noticeable that there are several terms which designate economic theory such as economic laws, models and taxation, etc., for instance Laffer curser is named after Arthur Laffer , an American economist; There...
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I
TABLE OF CONTENTS II
ABBREVIATIONS III
PART I: INTRODUCTION
1 Rationale of the study 1
2 Scope of the study 1
3 Aims of the study 2
4 Methods of the study 2
5 Design of the study 3
PART II: DEVELOPMENT
CHAPTER I : THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
1. 1 Translation theory 4
1. 1.1 Definition of translation 4
1. 1.2 Translation strategies and translation procedures 4
1. 1.3 Technical translation 6
1. 1.4 Translation of Neologisms 6
1.1.5 Translation of non-equivalence at word and above word level 8
1.2 Terminology
1.2.1 Definition of terminology 13
1.2.2 Main characteristics of terminology 14
1.2.2.1 Accurateness 14
1.2.2.2 Systematism 14
1.2.2.3 Internationalism 15
1.2.2.4 Nationalism 15
1.2.2.5 Popularity 15
1.2.3 Creation of terminology 15
1.2.4 The distinction between terms and words 16
CHAPTER II: CLASSIFICATION OF ECONOMIC TERMINOLOGY IN ECONOMIC TEXTBOOK
2. 1 An introduction to the textbook 17
2.2 Classification of economic terminology according to their compositions 18
2. 2.1 One-word terms and neologisms 18
2.2.1.1 One-word terms in the form of verb 18
2.2.1.2 One-word terms in the form of noun 19
2.2.1.3 Eponyms derived from the names of economists 20
2.2.1.4 Economic acronyms 20
2. 2.2 Above-word-level terms 20
2. 2.2.1 Nominal group 21
2. 2.2.2 Economic above-word-level terms in the form of nominal group 22
CHAPTER III: THE ENGLISH - VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION OF ECONOMIC TERMS
3.1 The translation of economic terms at word level and neologisms from English into Vietnamese 25
3.1.1 Translation by recognized translation 25
3.1.2 Translation by a calque or loan translation 26
3.1.3 Translation by loan transcription 27
3.1.4 Translation by paraphrase using unrelated word 28
3.1.5 Translation by paraphrase using a related word 28
3. 2 The translation of above -word -level economic terms from English into Vietnamese 29
3. 2.1 Translation by shifts or transpositions 30
3. 2.1.1 Translation with automatic change in word order 30
3. 2.1.2 Translation by a rank-shift 33
3 .2. 2 Translation by omission 36
3.2.3 Translation by paraphrase 37
3.3 Appropriate strategies in translating economic terminology
from English into Vietnamese 38
3.4 Conclusion 39
PART III: CONCLUSION
1 Issues addressed in the study 40
2 Implications 40
3 Suggestions for further study 42
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Tóm tắt nội dung:
les of word-formation of the language, that is, they should allow composition and derivation where necessary. Lastly, the meaning of term should be context-free. Term creation, including primary and secondary, is under various influences and subject to different motivations. When a new concept appears, primary term formation is created meanwhile secondary term formation appears to name the monolingual revision of a given terminology or the terms in TL after a process of transferring knowledge from one linguistic community to another.It is common knowledge that technological terminology is volatile due to the changes and continual development of science and technology. Both primary and secondary term formation in technology is affected by a proliferation of variants and synonyms which occur to satisfy the need for popular versions of scientific terms and product differentiation.
1.2.4. The distinction between terms and words
It is necessary to distinguish between terminology and ordinary words. Baker (1998) claims that: “Terms differ from words in that they are endowed with a special form of reference, namely that they refer to discrete conceptual entities, properties, activities or relations which constitute the knowledge space of a particular subject field.”
In addition, meanwhile words function in general reference or a variety of subject fields, terms have special reference within a particular discipline and they keep their lives and meanings only when they serve the system of knowledge that create them.
Despite the distinction between terms and words mentioned above, the boundary between them is not a clear cut, as many terms become ordinary words when they are closed to daily life and used with high frequency, and many words become terms when they are used in specialized field.
chapter two
Classification of economic terminology in The textbook “Business Law”
2. 1. An introduction to the textbook
The book “Business Law with UCC Applications”, Ninth Edition, has been written to reflect the many changes that have taken place in business laws over the past years. Business laws are presented in the most coherent and accessible way and up-to-date business law topics that are essential to today students are provided. The cogent writing style is one of the book’s outstanding features. Several issues including in nine parts with forty-three chapters namely: Ethnics, Law, and the Judicial System; Contract Law; Sales and Consumer Protection; Property; Negotiable Instruments; Insurance, Secured Transactions, and Bankruptcy; Agency and Employment; Business Organization and Regulation; Emerging Trends and Issues are presented in the book. The coverage of Consumer Protection, banking, and intellectual property law has been completely updated.
Each chapter begins with an outline followed by an interesting commentary newly entitled “The Opening Gavel”. Major headings and chapter summaries continue to be numbered following the chapter outline. The popular case illustration, presenting either hypothetical or actual situations based on well-founded court decisions, have been retained and updated. Each of the part of the texts is followed by a case study that summarizes an actual litigated case which, presents a lengthy extract from the judge’s decision, and provide follow-up questions that are pertinent to the case and appropriate as a review of the legal concepts presented. Pedagogical activities at the end of each chapter, including Key terms, questions for Review and Discussion, and Cases for Analysis, Giúp students self-check their understanding of the terms and concepts presented in the chapter. The Ninth Edition of Business Law with UCC Applications offers a comprehensive package of materials to meet both instructors’ and students’ need.
2.2. Classification of economic terminology according to their grammatical compositions.
Economic terms can be classified into two groups according to their grammatical compositions including one-word terms and above-word-level terms.
2. 2.1. One-word terms and Neologisms
In English technical and scientific terms which are formed of one word hold a remarkable proportion among others. In the surveyed chapters in the textbook “Business Law” one-word terms account for a large percentage which are usually nouns or verbs and Neologism. On average, the one-word terms and Neologisms investigated hold nearly 12% of the total words. For instance, on page 211 the number of one-word terms is 42 of 500 total words comprising 8.4%, on page 215 is 63/488 nearly 12.8% and 60/403 holding 15% on page 258.
2. 2.1.1. One-word terms in the form of verb
The economic terms in the form of a verb represent 17% of all the terms investigated in the textbook. For example, on page 215 the total terms are 79 of which a verb terms are 16 representing nearly 20.3%, on page 227 is 17/89 nearly 19%, and the ratio is 10/80 about 12.5% on page 275 such as: buy, sell, transact, offer, trade, transfer, cover, damage, break, lend, borrow, cost, deal, distribute, exchange, deposit, etc.,
A typical feature of these terms is that they are changeable; that is, they can appear either in the form of a verb or a noun at different positions in the same text or in the same sentence to avoid reiteration such an in the following sentence:
“It is not unusual for goods to be stolen, damaged, or destroyed while they are awaiting
shipment, are being shipped, or are awaiting pickup after a sales contract has been entered
into.” (Business Law 1997: 227).
Most of these one-verb terms have their nouns to be used as alternatives, for example, transaction, sale, coverage, coverage, distribution, deposit, etc.
Another particular feature of these verbs is that each verb usually goes with one or two certain nouns in their collocations, for example: buy goods, produce consumer articles, invest a big amount of money, sell products, etc.,
2. 2.1.2. One-word terms in the form of a noun
Economic terms appear in the form of a noun are various including nouns derived from verbs mentioned above and make up the proportion of about 25% of all terms investigated. For example: insolvent, acquittance, venture, merchant, tender, title, carrier, etc., This group of terms are divided into two sub-groups as the followings:
2.2.1.2.1. Subtechnical terms
The subtechnical terms hold a notable percentage about 38% in the text book. For example, on the investigated pages 226, 232 and 258 the number of technical terms are 21/54, 15/40, and 15/43 of total terms making up approximately 39%, 37% and 36% respectively. For examples: caution, commission, consideration, regular, complement, dividents, substitute, conversion, draft, settlement, etc.,
Many of economic terms are normal words which lose their “normal” meaning and acquire their special meanings in this subject. For instance, the normal meaning of the word ‘title’ is ‘name of a book, work of art’ (tiêu đề) meanwhile in the usage as an economic term, its special meaning is ‘right to ownership of property with or without possession’ (quyền sở hữu).
Followings are some more examples of subtechnical terms:
act: chứng thư
carrier: người chuyên chở
offer: chào giá
curency: tiền mặt
cover: bảo lãnh
firm: hãng
transfer: chuyển khoản
stock: cổ phiếu
article: mặt hàng
assessment: phân bổ
branch: chi nhánh
property: tài sản
Unless the users of subtechnical terms have made themselves acquainted with the general meaning of the words which popularly exist in General English it is possible that they may be confused in the usages of these words as they take on special meaning in a concrete scientific and technical field. These terms are only clear to them when they have a thorough understanding about that subject.
2.2.1.2.2. Highly technical terms
In the investigated part of this book, highly technical terms holds about 25% of all the terms. As on page 244 the number of highly technical terms is 12 of 40 total terms comprising 30%, on page 258 is 10 of 45 terms, about 22% and on page 279 is 14 of 42 terms, nearly 33%. Following are some of the frequently used highly technical terms on the pages investigated.
Buyer, carrier, seller, insolvent, shipment, freight, payment, resell, manufacture, resale, profit, merchandise on page 244.
Contract, warranty, trade, goods, merchant, client, deliver on page 258
Loan, transaction, money, purchase, credit, debtor, creditor, account, payment, finance, consumer, bank, business, income on page 279
2. 2.1.3. Eponyms derived from the names of economists
It is noticeable that there are several terms which designate economic theory such as economic laws, models and taxation, etc., for instance Laffer curser is named after Arthur Laffer , an American economist; There...