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Arun Majumdar
Contents
Preface
Arun K.Majumdar and Jennifer C. Ricklin
Contributors
v
IX
Introduction
Arun K. Majumdar
Atmospheric channel effects on free-space laser communication 9
Jennifer C. Ricklin, Stephen M. Hammel, Frank D. Eaton and Svetlana L. Lachinova
Free-space laser communication performance in the atmospheric channel 57
Arun K. Majumdar
Laser communication transmitter and receiver design 109
David O. Caplan
Free-space laser communications with adaptive optics :
Atmospheric compensation experiments 247
Thomas Weyrauch and Mikhail A. Vorontsov
Optical networks, last mile access and applications 273
E. Leitgeb, M. Gebhart, and U. Birnbacher
Communication techniques and coding for atmospheric turbulence channels 303
Xiaoming Zhu and Joseph M. Kahn
Optical communications in the mid-wave IR spectral band 347
Narasimha S. Prasad
Quantum cascade laser-based free space optical communications 393
R. Martini and E.A. Whittaker
All-weather long-wavelength infrared free space optical communications 407
D.P. Hutchinson and R.K. Richards
Introduction
Arun K.Majumdar
LCResearch, Inc.
30402 Rainbow View Drive
Agoura Hills, California 9130 I
Email : a [email protected]
Abstract. This book covers various topics relevant to free-space laser communica-
tions (FSO lasercom). The purpose of this initial chapter is to provide the technical
background needed to understand and appreciate the following chapters. as well as
to establish the connections and continuity among them. This chapter will present
the most fundamental physical equations and parameters needed to characterize and
analyze free-space laser communications.
1. Introduction
Recent rapid progress in information and communication technologies has exceeded
our expectations for meeting the requirements of multimedia society in the 21st cen-
tury.Free-spaceoptical communicationis considered to beone of the key technologies
for realizing very-high-speed multi-gigabit-per-second (multi-Gb/s) large-capacity
aerospace communications. Using lasers as signal carriers, FSO lasercom can pro-
vide a line-of-sight, wireless, high-bandwidth, communication link between remote
sites. Rapidly growing use of the Internet and multimedia services has created con-
gestion in the telecommunications networks and placed many new requirements on
carriers. Laser transmitters offer an intermediate, low-riskmeans to introduce desired
network functionalities with extremely high bandwidth. The wireless aspect of FSO
lasercomcan bea crucial advantage, particularly in local area networks (LANs) and
metropolitanarea networks (MANs) where in cities the laying of fiberoptic cables is
expensive.When theWorldTrade Centers collapsed on September l lth, 200I, so too
did the networks of all of the corporations located within the buildings. Hundreds of
thousandsof dollars were lost due to the down-time that these companies experienced.
With the Giúp of a few wireless broadband providers using FSO technology, these
compan ies were able to get their data networks up and running in a fraction of the time
and considerably less money that it would have cost them to reinstall their wire lines,
be it a fiber or cable network.
FSO lasercom offers substantial advantages over conventional RF wireless com-
munications technology, including higher data rates, low probability of intercept, low
power requirements, and much smaller packaging . FSO lasercom systems have proven
to be a viable alternative to optical fiber based systems in several applications, as the
technology comes closer and closer to providing the 5-nines (99.999%) service that
many corporations require of their data networks .
/ ./. BriefHistory
Communications using light is not a recent science . Old Roman records indicate that
polished metal plates were occasionally used as mirrors to reflect sunlight for long-
range signaling. The U.S. military used similar sunlight-powered devices to send tele-
graph information from mountain top to mountain top in the early 1800's. Blinking
lights have been used to send messages from one ship to another for many centurie s.
Alexander Graham Bell performed an experiment with his "Photophone" where he
used sunlight reflected off of a vibrating mirror and a selenium photo cell to send
telephone-like signals over a range of 600 feet. A complete history of optical and laser
communications can be found in the literature [1-2] .
In 1895, Sir J.c. Bose ofCalcutta, India gave his first public demonstration of radio
communication, using electromagnetic waves to ring a bell remotely and to explode
some gunpowder [3-5] .As reported by the Daily Chronicle of England: "The inventor
(J.c. Bose) has transmitted signals to a distance of nearly a mile and herein lies the
first and obvious and exceedingly valuable application of this new theoretical marveL"
Invited by Lord Rayleigh, Bose reported on his microwave/millimeter-wave experi-
ments to the Royal Institution and other societies in England [6]. The first successful
wireless signaling experiment by Marconi was not until 1897. Thus, the inventor of
Radio Communication was not Marconi but Sir J.c. Bose. The author appreciates
this opportunity to acknowledge a fellow scientist from Calcutta for his pioneering
work leading to the development ofmodem wireless laser communications. Interested
readers can read about Bose's contributions further in [7].
During the years 1930-1950, increased carrier frequencies were considered to
achieve greater information capacitylbandwidth: Microwaves of 3-30 GHz, and Mil-
limeter Waves of 30-300 GHz.
Following the firstdemonstration ofaworking laser in 1960at the Hughes Research
Laboratories in Malibu, California, the first serious development of FSO lasercom was
called the "Lightphone". NASA and the Air Force were especially interested and
forced some new technological developments. During the boom period of optical fiber
installation, civil FSO lasercom technology lay dormant ; but in military and space
laboratories the development never really stopped.
During the last thirty years, great advances have been made in electro-optics and
opto-electronics, and incorporated into today's laser communications systems, mostly
for defense applications. The aerospace/defense activity established a strong founda-
tion upon which today's commercial optical wireless systems are based. Systems have
been developed for ground-to-ground, ground-to-aircraft, ground-to-satellite, satellite-
to-satellite, and even satellite-to-submarine applications .
Link download for ketnooier:
pass: ketnooi.com
Arun Majumdar
Contents
Preface
Arun K.Majumdar and Jennifer C. Ricklin
Contributors
v
IX
Introduction
Arun K. Majumdar
Atmospheric channel effects on free-space laser communication 9
Jennifer C. Ricklin, Stephen M. Hammel, Frank D. Eaton and Svetlana L. Lachinova
Free-space laser communication performance in the atmospheric channel 57
Arun K. Majumdar
Laser communication transmitter and receiver design 109
David O. Caplan
Free-space laser communications with adaptive optics :
Atmospheric compensation experiments 247
Thomas Weyrauch and Mikhail A. Vorontsov
Optical networks, last mile access and applications 273
E. Leitgeb, M. Gebhart, and U. Birnbacher
Communication techniques and coding for atmospheric turbulence channels 303
Xiaoming Zhu and Joseph M. Kahn
Optical communications in the mid-wave IR spectral band 347
Narasimha S. Prasad
Quantum cascade laser-based free space optical communications 393
R. Martini and E.A. Whittaker
All-weather long-wavelength infrared free space optical communications 407
D.P. Hutchinson and R.K. Richards
Introduction
Arun K.Majumdar
LCResearch, Inc.
30402 Rainbow View Drive
Agoura Hills, California 9130 I
Email : a [email protected]
Abstract. This book covers various topics relevant to free-space laser communica-
tions (FSO lasercom). The purpose of this initial chapter is to provide the technical
background needed to understand and appreciate the following chapters. as well as
to establish the connections and continuity among them. This chapter will present
the most fundamental physical equations and parameters needed to characterize and
analyze free-space laser communications.
1. Introduction
Recent rapid progress in information and communication technologies has exceeded
our expectations for meeting the requirements of multimedia society in the 21st cen-
tury.Free-spaceoptical communicationis considered to beone of the key technologies
for realizing very-high-speed multi-gigabit-per-second (multi-Gb/s) large-capacity
aerospace communications. Using lasers as signal carriers, FSO lasercom can pro-
vide a line-of-sight, wireless, high-bandwidth, communication link between remote
sites. Rapidly growing use of the Internet and multimedia services has created con-
gestion in the telecommunications networks and placed many new requirements on
carriers. Laser transmitters offer an intermediate, low-riskmeans to introduce desired
network functionalities with extremely high bandwidth. The wireless aspect of FSO
lasercomcan bea crucial advantage, particularly in local area networks (LANs) and
metropolitanarea networks (MANs) where in cities the laying of fiberoptic cables is
expensive.When theWorldTrade Centers collapsed on September l lth, 200I, so too
did the networks of all of the corporations located within the buildings. Hundreds of
thousandsof dollars were lost due to the down-time that these companies experienced.
With the Giúp of a few wireless broadband providers using FSO technology, these
compan ies were able to get their data networks up and running in a fraction of the time
and considerably less money that it would have cost them to reinstall their wire lines,
be it a fiber or cable network.
FSO lasercom offers substantial advantages over conventional RF wireless com-
munications technology, including higher data rates, low probability of intercept, low
power requirements, and much smaller packaging . FSO lasercom systems have proven
to be a viable alternative to optical fiber based systems in several applications, as the
technology comes closer and closer to providing the 5-nines (99.999%) service that
many corporations require of their data networks .
/ ./. BriefHistory
Communications using light is not a recent science . Old Roman records indicate that
polished metal plates were occasionally used as mirrors to reflect sunlight for long-
range signaling. The U.S. military used similar sunlight-powered devices to send tele-
graph information from mountain top to mountain top in the early 1800's. Blinking
lights have been used to send messages from one ship to another for many centurie s.
Alexander Graham Bell performed an experiment with his "Photophone" where he
used sunlight reflected off of a vibrating mirror and a selenium photo cell to send
telephone-like signals over a range of 600 feet. A complete history of optical and laser
communications can be found in the literature [1-2] .
In 1895, Sir J.c. Bose ofCalcutta, India gave his first public demonstration of radio
communication, using electromagnetic waves to ring a bell remotely and to explode
some gunpowder [3-5] .As reported by the Daily Chronicle of England: "The inventor
(J.c. Bose) has transmitted signals to a distance of nearly a mile and herein lies the
first and obvious and exceedingly valuable application of this new theoretical marveL"
Invited by Lord Rayleigh, Bose reported on his microwave/millimeter-wave experi-
ments to the Royal Institution and other societies in England [6]. The first successful
wireless signaling experiment by Marconi was not until 1897. Thus, the inventor of
Radio Communication was not Marconi but Sir J.c. Bose. The author appreciates
this opportunity to acknowledge a fellow scientist from Calcutta for his pioneering
work leading to the development ofmodem wireless laser communications. Interested
readers can read about Bose's contributions further in [7].
During the years 1930-1950, increased carrier frequencies were considered to
achieve greater information capacitylbandwidth: Microwaves of 3-30 GHz, and Mil-
limeter Waves of 30-300 GHz.
Following the firstdemonstration ofaworking laser in 1960at the Hughes Research
Laboratories in Malibu, California, the first serious development of FSO lasercom was
called the "Lightphone". NASA and the Air Force were especially interested and
forced some new technological developments. During the boom period of optical fiber
installation, civil FSO lasercom technology lay dormant ; but in military and space
laboratories the development never really stopped.
During the last thirty years, great advances have been made in electro-optics and
opto-electronics, and incorporated into today's laser communications systems, mostly
for defense applications. The aerospace/defense activity established a strong founda-
tion upon which today's commercial optical wireless systems are based. Systems have
been developed for ground-to-ground, ground-to-aircraft, ground-to-satellite, satellite-
to-satellite, and even satellite-to-submarine applications .
Link download for ketnooier:
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pass: ketnooi.com