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Luận văn tiếng Anh: A Vietnamese-Australian intercultural study on Haptics in communication = Nghiên cứu liên văn hóa Việt-Úc về các hành vi động chạm trong giao tiếp . M.A Thesis Linguistics: 60 22 02 01
Nhà xuất bản: University of Languages and International Studies
Ngày: 2013
Chủ đề: Giao tiếp
Liên văn hóa
Tiếng Anh
Ngôn ngữ học
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my gratitude to all those who gave me the possibility
to make my thesis reach an end.
I would like to express my faithful gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Huynh
Anh Tuan for his patient guidance, stimulating suggestions and encouragement
throughout my research.
I wish to thank all the staff members of the Faculty of Post Graduate Studies,
University of Languages and International Studies, VNU for providing me the best
environment to fulfill my thesis.
Especially, my sincere thanks send to my friend Vu Thi Kim Huong, Vice
Director of Atlantic Company and Nguyen Thi Thu Ha, an oversea student in
Australia for their helping me to contact Australian informants.
I am greatly indebted to my friends for their assistance of collecting data and
conducting interview without which this study could not have been successful.
Last but not least, I would like to express my special thanks to my family
who offered me their love, care, support and encouragement so that I could
accomplish my study.
Hanoi, October 2013
Ket-noi.com kho tai lieu mien phi Ket-noi.com kho tai lieu mien phiiii
ABSTRACT
This study aims to investigate haptics in communication of Vietnamese and
Australian people, examine the cultural values of the Vietnamese and the Australian
that influence norms of haptics in communication, and make comparison and
contrast of touching behavior between the two cultures. It also raises an awareness
of cultural differences in intercultural communication and gives some suggestions
to lessen the possibility of haptics miscommunication.
The data collection tools used in this study included observations and
interviews. Then contrastive analysis was carried out to clarify both similarities and
differences in haptics between the two cultures: Vietnamese and Australian.
The major findings of the study showed that both Vietnamese and Australian
people share some similar perceptions of haptics in communication. For example,
they feel quite free to practice some touching behavior with their relatives and close
friends like holding hands, linking/locking arms, hugging shoulder, hugging waist,
etc., or only hand-shaking with someone they do not know much of or meet at the
first time; and they feel more pleasant to touch or get touched by others of the same
sex more than those of the opposite sex. Besides, the study also denoted some
differences in touching norms between the Vietnamese and the Australian cultures.
Australian people seem to be more comfortable to touch each other in
communication, and not to pay much attention to sex distinction when touching
their relatives or close friends. On the other hand, Vietnamese people‟s touching
behavior tends to be influenced by sex distinction. They touch their relatives or
friends of the same sex more freely than they touch those of the opposite sex. Based
on the findings of the study, some discussions and implications were made along
with recommended suggestions for further research.iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION........................................................................................................i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......................................................................................ii
ABSTRACT. ............................................................................................................ iii
PART A. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................1
1. Rationale…… .......................................................................................................1
2. Aim and objectives of the study ..........................................................................2
3. Scope of the study .................................................................................................2
4. Research questions ...............................................................................................3
5. Methods of the study ............................................................................................3
6. Structure of the study ..........................................................................................3
PART B. DEVELOPMENT.....................................................................................5
CHAPTER 1. LITERATURE REVIEW ..........................................................5
1.1. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND..................................................................5
1.1.1. Cross-cultural Communication vs. Intercultural Communication………5
1.1.1.1. Definitions of communication .....................................................................5
1.1.1.2. Cross-cultural Communication vs. Intercultural Communication .........5
1.1.2.Nonverbal communication ..............................................................................6
1.1.2.1.Definitions of nonverbal communication....................................................6
1.1.2.2.Classification of nonverbal behavior...........................................................8
1.1.2.3.Functions of nonverbal behavior .................................................................9
1.1.2.4.The importance of nonverbal behavior.....................................................10
1.1.3.Haptics in communication.............................................................................11
1.1.3.1.Definitions of Haptics..................................................................................12
1.1.3.2.Classification of Haptics .............................................................................12
1.1.3.3.The role of Haptics in communication ......................................................14
Ket-noi.com kho tai lieu mien phi Ket-noi.com kho tai lieu mien phiv
1.1.3.4.Haptics culture: high-contact, low-contact, and medium-contactb
cultures .....................................................................................................................17
1.2. PREVIOUS STUDIES.....................................................................................19
CHAPTER 2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY..................................................21
2.1. An overview of survey approach ....................................................................21
2.2. Research method ..............................................................................................21
2.3. Data collection method ....................................................................................22
2.4. Data analysis method .......................................................................................23
CHAPTER 3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION.......................................................24
3.1.he findings from observation ...........................................................................24
3.1.1. Touching behavior of the Vietnamese and the Australian........................24
3.1.2. Touching behavior in communication between the Vietnamese and the
Australian................................................................................................................29
3.1.3. Major similarities and differences in haptics between the Vietnamese and
the Australian ..........................................................................................................31
3.2.The findings from interview.............................................................................32
3.2.1. The findings from interviews with the Vietnamese ...................................33
3.2.2. The findings from interviews with the Australian .....................................34
3.2.3. Major similarities and differences in the Vietnamese and the
Australian’s perception of haptics in communication.........................................36
3.3.Discussion on the findings ................................................................................37
3.3.1. Cultural values of the Vietnamese influence their norms of haptics in
communication .......................................................................................................37
3.3.2. Cultural values of the Australian influence their norms of haptics in
communication .......................................................................................................38
PART C. CONCLUSION.......................................................................................41vi
1.Summary...............................................................................................................41
2.Suggestions for more effective intercultural communication ..........................42
3.Limitations of the study and suggestions for further study .............................43
REFERENCES........................................................................................................44
APPENDIX ............................................................................................................... I
Ket-noi.com kho tai lieu mien phi Ket-noi.com kho tai lieu mien phi1
PART A: INTRODUCTION
1. Rationale
“We should never denigrate any other culture but rather Giúp people to
understand the relationship between their own culture and the dominant
culture. When you understand another culture or language, it does not mean
that you have to lose your own culture. ”
Edward T. Hall
In the wake of globalization, people of different nations nowadays become
closer and closer. The academic study of intercultural communication focuses on
the interactions between people from different cultures. Misunderstandings and
conflicts happen in various aspects of intercultural communication such as linguistic
differences, diverging stereotypes, social roles and belief systems. The intercultural
studies assume the responsibility of facilitating resolution to intercultural
communication problems. In fact, people often not only interact with each other by
words but also a range of touching behavior to express their intents. The
combination of verbal and nonverbal language in communication sometimes creates
culture shock and communication breakdown because every culture has its own
norms and customs and has a different way of communicating with its members.
Haptics-touching behavior is considered to play an important role in communication
because it can replace words to express speakers‟ feelings, greetings and opinions
and reduce cognitive burden for speakers. Moreover, haptics can Giúp listeners
facilitate comprehension of a spoken message as well as convey thoughts not
presented in speech. However, Toomey (1998) emphasized that different cultures
have different expectations as to who should touch whom in different interaction
scenes. It is due that touching behavior is habitual and routine, thus people tend to
use it unconsciously and spontaneously. The meaning of each touch depends upon
the individuals involved, the context in which the act is performed, and the cultural
backgrounds of the interacting people. Understanding your own culture as well as2
the others‟ is very important for everybody to find it easier to communicate
effectively and know the reason why people act in the different ways and avoid
unnecessary miscommunication. According to Toomey (1998), the Vietnamese is a
member of low-contact cultures and the Australian is a member of moderate-contact
cultures, so when people from these two cultures interact with each other,
miscommunication always runs the risk of breaking out. In this study, the touching
behavior of the Vietnamese and the Australian will be observed to explore the
comparison and contrast in norms of haptics influenced by different cultural values
between the Vietnamese and the Australian cultures. It is expected to raise an
awareness of cultural differences when interacting across cultures, and then give
some suggestions to lessen the possibility of haptics miscommunication.
2. Aim and objectives of the study
This study is carried out with the aim of making comparison and contrast
between the Vietnamese and the Australian cultures of haptics, so it is expected to
fulfill the following specific objectives:
Investigating the similarities and differences of haptics in communication
between Vietnamese and Australian people
Raising an awareness of cultural differences when interacting across cultures
Making contribution to avoiding intercultural problems of haptics in
communication by giving some suggestions
3. Scope of the study
This study discusses the topic of nonverbal communication. Extralinguistically, the study especially emphasizes on haptics communication in the two
cultures: Vietnamese and Australian.
Ket-noi.com kho tai lieu mien phi Ket-noi.com kho tai lieu mien phi3
4. Research questions
To satisfy the purpose of the study, two research questions, which are
suitable and applicable of viewing the norms of haptics in communication between
the Vietnamese and the Australian under the cultural perception, are raised.
Therefore, it is expected to seek answers to the following questions:
1. How do Vietnamese and Australian people practice their haptics in
communication?
2. What cultural values influence the norms of touching behavior of Vietnamese
and Australian people?
5. Method of the study
The study was carried by using observations and interviews as the tools to
collect the data from a sample of the Vietnamese and the Australian. Videos on
Youtube were used to observed how Vietnamese and Australian people practice
their touching behavior. The interviews with the Vietnamese and Australian
informants were conducted to understand more about their perceptions of haptics in
communication.
6. Structure of the study
This study consists of three parts: Introduction, Development and
Conclusion.
Part A: Introduction- presents the reasons for carrying out this study,
defines the specific purposes, research questions, the scope of the study and the
outline of the study.
Part B: Development- consists of 3 chapters:4
Chapter 1: Literature Review - provides the theoretical background
needed for the study and reviews some previous studies which is related to the topic
of the study.
Chapter 2: Methodology - discusses the methodology for this study and
the procedure for carrying out the research such as the selection of the sample, the
data collection procedures, and the data analysis.
Chapter 3: Result and Discussion - reports the results of the data analysis
and discussion.
Part C: Conclusion- draws some conclusions from all the findings and
proposes some implications for more effective intercultural communication. These
are followed by the limitations of the study, and some suggestions for further
studies.
Following Part C is References listing all reference books or materials. The
final section of the thesis contains the appendices that show all documents serving
this research.
Do Drive thay đổi chính sách, nên một số link cũ yêu cầu duyệt download. các bạn chỉ cần làm theo hướng dẫn.
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Nhà xuất bản: University of Languages and International Studies
Ngày: 2013
Chủ đề: Giao tiếp
Liên văn hóa
Tiếng Anh
Ngôn ngữ học
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my gratitude to all those who gave me the possibility
to make my thesis reach an end.
I would like to express my faithful gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Huynh
Anh Tuan for his patient guidance, stimulating suggestions and encouragement
throughout my research.
I wish to thank all the staff members of the Faculty of Post Graduate Studies,
University of Languages and International Studies, VNU for providing me the best
environment to fulfill my thesis.
Especially, my sincere thanks send to my friend Vu Thi Kim Huong, Vice
Director of Atlantic Company and Nguyen Thi Thu Ha, an oversea student in
Australia for their helping me to contact Australian informants.
I am greatly indebted to my friends for their assistance of collecting data and
conducting interview without which this study could not have been successful.
Last but not least, I would like to express my special thanks to my family
who offered me their love, care, support and encouragement so that I could
accomplish my study.
Hanoi, October 2013
Ket-noi.com kho tai lieu mien phi Ket-noi.com kho tai lieu mien phiiii
ABSTRACT
This study aims to investigate haptics in communication of Vietnamese and
Australian people, examine the cultural values of the Vietnamese and the Australian
that influence norms of haptics in communication, and make comparison and
contrast of touching behavior between the two cultures. It also raises an awareness
of cultural differences in intercultural communication and gives some suggestions
to lessen the possibility of haptics miscommunication.
The data collection tools used in this study included observations and
interviews. Then contrastive analysis was carried out to clarify both similarities and
differences in haptics between the two cultures: Vietnamese and Australian.
The major findings of the study showed that both Vietnamese and Australian
people share some similar perceptions of haptics in communication. For example,
they feel quite free to practice some touching behavior with their relatives and close
friends like holding hands, linking/locking arms, hugging shoulder, hugging waist,
etc., or only hand-shaking with someone they do not know much of or meet at the
first time; and they feel more pleasant to touch or get touched by others of the same
sex more than those of the opposite sex. Besides, the study also denoted some
differences in touching norms between the Vietnamese and the Australian cultures.
Australian people seem to be more comfortable to touch each other in
communication, and not to pay much attention to sex distinction when touching
their relatives or close friends. On the other hand, Vietnamese people‟s touching
behavior tends to be influenced by sex distinction. They touch their relatives or
friends of the same sex more freely than they touch those of the opposite sex. Based
on the findings of the study, some discussions and implications were made along
with recommended suggestions for further research.iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION........................................................................................................i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......................................................................................ii
ABSTRACT. ............................................................................................................ iii
PART A. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................1
1. Rationale…… .......................................................................................................1
2. Aim and objectives of the study ..........................................................................2
3. Scope of the study .................................................................................................2
4. Research questions ...............................................................................................3
5. Methods of the study ............................................................................................3
6. Structure of the study ..........................................................................................3
PART B. DEVELOPMENT.....................................................................................5
CHAPTER 1. LITERATURE REVIEW ..........................................................5
1.1. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND..................................................................5
1.1.1. Cross-cultural Communication vs. Intercultural Communication………5
1.1.1.1. Definitions of communication .....................................................................5
1.1.1.2. Cross-cultural Communication vs. Intercultural Communication .........5
1.1.2.Nonverbal communication ..............................................................................6
1.1.2.1.Definitions of nonverbal communication....................................................6
1.1.2.2.Classification of nonverbal behavior...........................................................8
1.1.2.3.Functions of nonverbal behavior .................................................................9
1.1.2.4.The importance of nonverbal behavior.....................................................10
1.1.3.Haptics in communication.............................................................................11
1.1.3.1.Definitions of Haptics..................................................................................12
1.1.3.2.Classification of Haptics .............................................................................12
1.1.3.3.The role of Haptics in communication ......................................................14
Ket-noi.com kho tai lieu mien phi Ket-noi.com kho tai lieu mien phiv
1.1.3.4.Haptics culture: high-contact, low-contact, and medium-contactb
cultures .....................................................................................................................17
1.2. PREVIOUS STUDIES.....................................................................................19
CHAPTER 2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY..................................................21
2.1. An overview of survey approach ....................................................................21
2.2. Research method ..............................................................................................21
2.3. Data collection method ....................................................................................22
2.4. Data analysis method .......................................................................................23
CHAPTER 3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION.......................................................24
3.1.he findings from observation ...........................................................................24
3.1.1. Touching behavior of the Vietnamese and the Australian........................24
3.1.2. Touching behavior in communication between the Vietnamese and the
Australian................................................................................................................29
3.1.3. Major similarities and differences in haptics between the Vietnamese and
the Australian ..........................................................................................................31
3.2.The findings from interview.............................................................................32
3.2.1. The findings from interviews with the Vietnamese ...................................33
3.2.2. The findings from interviews with the Australian .....................................34
3.2.3. Major similarities and differences in the Vietnamese and the
Australian’s perception of haptics in communication.........................................36
3.3.Discussion on the findings ................................................................................37
3.3.1. Cultural values of the Vietnamese influence their norms of haptics in
communication .......................................................................................................37
3.3.2. Cultural values of the Australian influence their norms of haptics in
communication .......................................................................................................38
PART C. CONCLUSION.......................................................................................41vi
1.Summary...............................................................................................................41
2.Suggestions for more effective intercultural communication ..........................42
3.Limitations of the study and suggestions for further study .............................43
REFERENCES........................................................................................................44
APPENDIX ............................................................................................................... I
Ket-noi.com kho tai lieu mien phi Ket-noi.com kho tai lieu mien phi1
PART A: INTRODUCTION
1. Rationale
“We should never denigrate any other culture but rather Giúp people to
understand the relationship between their own culture and the dominant
culture. When you understand another culture or language, it does not mean
that you have to lose your own culture. ”
Edward T. Hall
In the wake of globalization, people of different nations nowadays become
closer and closer. The academic study of intercultural communication focuses on
the interactions between people from different cultures. Misunderstandings and
conflicts happen in various aspects of intercultural communication such as linguistic
differences, diverging stereotypes, social roles and belief systems. The intercultural
studies assume the responsibility of facilitating resolution to intercultural
communication problems. In fact, people often not only interact with each other by
words but also a range of touching behavior to express their intents. The
combination of verbal and nonverbal language in communication sometimes creates
culture shock and communication breakdown because every culture has its own
norms and customs and has a different way of communicating with its members.
Haptics-touching behavior is considered to play an important role in communication
because it can replace words to express speakers‟ feelings, greetings and opinions
and reduce cognitive burden for speakers. Moreover, haptics can Giúp listeners
facilitate comprehension of a spoken message as well as convey thoughts not
presented in speech. However, Toomey (1998) emphasized that different cultures
have different expectations as to who should touch whom in different interaction
scenes. It is due that touching behavior is habitual and routine, thus people tend to
use it unconsciously and spontaneously. The meaning of each touch depends upon
the individuals involved, the context in which the act is performed, and the cultural
backgrounds of the interacting people. Understanding your own culture as well as2
the others‟ is very important for everybody to find it easier to communicate
effectively and know the reason why people act in the different ways and avoid
unnecessary miscommunication. According to Toomey (1998), the Vietnamese is a
member of low-contact cultures and the Australian is a member of moderate-contact
cultures, so when people from these two cultures interact with each other,
miscommunication always runs the risk of breaking out. In this study, the touching
behavior of the Vietnamese and the Australian will be observed to explore the
comparison and contrast in norms of haptics influenced by different cultural values
between the Vietnamese and the Australian cultures. It is expected to raise an
awareness of cultural differences when interacting across cultures, and then give
some suggestions to lessen the possibility of haptics miscommunication.
2. Aim and objectives of the study
This study is carried out with the aim of making comparison and contrast
between the Vietnamese and the Australian cultures of haptics, so it is expected to
fulfill the following specific objectives:
Investigating the similarities and differences of haptics in communication
between Vietnamese and Australian people
Raising an awareness of cultural differences when interacting across cultures
Making contribution to avoiding intercultural problems of haptics in
communication by giving some suggestions
3. Scope of the study
This study discusses the topic of nonverbal communication. Extralinguistically, the study especially emphasizes on haptics communication in the two
cultures: Vietnamese and Australian.
Ket-noi.com kho tai lieu mien phi Ket-noi.com kho tai lieu mien phi3
4. Research questions
To satisfy the purpose of the study, two research questions, which are
suitable and applicable of viewing the norms of haptics in communication between
the Vietnamese and the Australian under the cultural perception, are raised.
Therefore, it is expected to seek answers to the following questions:
1. How do Vietnamese and Australian people practice their haptics in
communication?
2. What cultural values influence the norms of touching behavior of Vietnamese
and Australian people?
5. Method of the study
The study was carried by using observations and interviews as the tools to
collect the data from a sample of the Vietnamese and the Australian. Videos on
Youtube were used to observed how Vietnamese and Australian people practice
their touching behavior. The interviews with the Vietnamese and Australian
informants were conducted to understand more about their perceptions of haptics in
communication.
6. Structure of the study
This study consists of three parts: Introduction, Development and
Conclusion.
Part A: Introduction- presents the reasons for carrying out this study,
defines the specific purposes, research questions, the scope of the study and the
outline of the study.
Part B: Development- consists of 3 chapters:4
Chapter 1: Literature Review - provides the theoretical background
needed for the study and reviews some previous studies which is related to the topic
of the study.
Chapter 2: Methodology - discusses the methodology for this study and
the procedure for carrying out the research such as the selection of the sample, the
data collection procedures, and the data analysis.
Chapter 3: Result and Discussion - reports the results of the data analysis
and discussion.
Part C: Conclusion- draws some conclusions from all the findings and
proposes some implications for more effective intercultural communication. These
are followed by the limitations of the study, and some suggestions for further
studies.
Following Part C is References listing all reference books or materials. The
final section of the thesis contains the appendices that show all documents serving
this research.
Do Drive thay đổi chính sách, nên một số link cũ yêu cầu duyệt download. các bạn chỉ cần làm theo hướng dẫn.
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