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Luận văn tiếng Anh: The use of politeness in making suggestion in English and Vietnamese = Sử dụng chiến lược lịch sự khi đưa ra lời gợi ý trong tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt. M.A Thesis Linguistics: 60 22 15
Nhà xuất bản: University of Languages and International Studies
Ngày: 2012
Chủ đề: Tiếng Anh
Tiếng Việt
Giao tiếp
Lời gợi ý
Miêu tả: 39 p. + CD-ROM
M.A. Thesis. English liguistics -- University of Languages and International Studies. Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 2012
This thesis focuses on the use of politeness strategies in making suggestion in English and Vietnamese. This study investigates similarities and differences in making suggestion between Vietnamese people and British people. Politeness strategies for making suggestion are analyzed with data taken from the questionnaires for the Vietnamese and British informants. Chapter I: “ theoretical background” deals with the notion of culture, cross – culture, speech act, politeness strategies. Chapter II: “ Data analysis and findings”: Questionnaires are used to collect data for the study. Making suggestions which resorts to various strategies of politeness is a flexibly and effectively communicative act in both Vietnamese and English cultures. Chapter III: Some applications of politeness in English teaching and learning
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Declaration
Acknowledgements
Abstract
List of figures, tables, and charts
PART I: INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………...
I. Rationale………………………………………………………………….....………
II. Aims…………………………………………………………………………………
III. Scope…………………………………………………………………………… ...…
IV. Research questions ………………………………………………………… ……….
V. Research methodology………………………………………………………..……..
VI. Design of the study …………………………………………………………………
PARTII:.DEVELOPMENT ………………………………………………
Chapter 1: Literature review ………………………..………………………………….
1. Culture……………………………………………………………………………
1.2.Cross culture communication…………………………………………………
1.3. Politeness and face……………………………………………………………
1.4. Politeness in cross cultural communication…………………………………..
1.5. Positive politeness strategies…………………………………………………..
1.6. Negative politeness strategies………………………………………………….
1.7. Speech act………………………………………………………………………
1.8. Suggesting as a speech act…………………………………………………….
Chapter 2: Data analysis and findings……………………………………………….
2.1. Comments on survey questionnaires and informants………………………
2.2. The sequence of importance of some factors affectings S‟s choice of
suggesting………………………………………………………………………………
i
ii
iii
iv
1 1 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 5 6 8
10
10
11
12
13
13
15v
2.3. Politeness in suggesting as seen from informants‟ parameter……………
2.4. Realization of positive politeness strategies in suggesting…………………
2.5. Realization of negative politeness strategies in suggesting…………………
2.6. The utterances which are commonly used to suggest among the
informants……………………………………………………………………………….
2.7. Politeness in making suggestion as seen from communicating partner‟s
parameter……………………………………………………………………………….
Chapter 3:Some applications of politeness in suggesting in English teaching and
learning………………………………………………………………………………….
Part III: Conclusion
3.1. Summary of major findings……………………… …………………………….
3.2. Suggest for further study
Reference
Appendix
17
19
21
22
23
28
28
38
38
39
I
Ket-noi.com kho tai lieu mien phi Ket-noi.com kho tai lieu mien phivi
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS
NPS: Negative politeness strategies
PPS: Positive politeness strategies
FTAS: Face of threatening acts
List of tables
Table 1: Possible strategies for doing FTAs ( Brown and Levinson, 1987)
Table 2: Possible strategies for doing FTAs (Nguyen Quang,
1999:130)
Table 3: The in formants‟ status parameters.
Table 4: The sequence of importance of some factors affecting S‟ ss choice of
suggesting
Table 5: Politeness in suggesting as seen from English informants „parameter
Table 6: Politeness in suggesting as seen from Vietnamese informants ‟parameter
Table 7: Realization of positive politeness strategies in suggesting
Table 8: Realization of negative politeness strategies in suggesting
Table 9: the utterances are used in making suggestion among informants1
PART I: INTRODUCTION
I. Rationale
To our understanding, language is a great heaven prize and treasure for
human in order to fulfill our vital needs as the social beings: communication.
Language appeared, remains and flourishes along with human history. With
the seen development of language and language studies at the moment, there
is no need in proving the crucial and irreplaceable position of language in
human life.
Language is not only for communication but also for cultural exchange
among nations. It is difficult to imagine what our lives would be like without
language.
Cross – cultural communication is an interesting and attractive field for us
to find out the similar and different language when studying speech acts such
as: greeting, advising, promising, and suggesting… among countries in the
world.
There are many ways to make suggestion in Vietnamese and English. But
to make suggestion in an effective way is by no mean easy. People often have
difficulties in making appropriate suggesting in another language.
This leads the author to the research into “ The use of politeness strategies
in making suggestion in English and Vietnamese” to find out the similarities
and differences in making suggestion in Vietnamese and English
II. Aims of the study.
The aims of the study are:
Ket-noi.com kho tai lieu mien phi Ket-noi.com kho tai lieu mien phi2
- To investigate ways of suggesting in Vietnamese and English
- To compare and contrast the use of politeness strategies in
suggesting in given Vietnamese and English suggesting situations.
- To contribute to raising language teachers‟ and students‟
awareness of cross – cultural differences in the speech act of
suggesting.
III. Scope of the study
In all aspects of politeness, the study only deals with verbal aspects, in the
light of the politeness theory by Brown and Levinson.
The paper is aimed to investigate the English – Vietnamese cross – cultural
interaction in making suggestion in both languages English and Vietnamese.
The data analysis is mainly taken in to account of interviews with informants
to examine politeness strategies based on collected situations of the act of
suggestions. The data were collected by conducting surveys with
questionnaires. In addition, the data from the informants are also utilized in
the study.
IV. Research question
1. How are politeness strategies manifested in suggestion in English
and Vietnamese?
2. What are the implications for teaching and applying the speech act
suggesting in cross cultural communication in Hai Phong private
university.
V. Method of the study
The following methods are resorted to:3
- Conducting survey (with questionnaires as a data collection
instrument)
- Consulting the supervisor
- Reading relevant publications
- Conducting personal observations
VI. Organization of the study
The study will be organized into the following structure::
Part I: INTRODUCTION outlines the rationale, the methodology, the
aims, the scope, the significance and the organization of the study.
Part II: DEVELOPMENT
Chapter 1 LITERATURE REVIEW reviews the theoretical issues. It
briefly present and discusses the theory of cross – cultural communication
and summaries of politeness strategies, summaries of works on suggestion.
Chapter 2 DATA ANALYSIS presents and discusses similarities and
differences in using politeness strategies in making suggestion in English and
Vietnamese.
Chapter 3 Some applications politeness strategies in teaching English
Part III: CONCLUSION
Summary of major findings and suggestion for further study
Suggestion for further study
Ket-noi.com kho tai lieu mien phi Ket-noi.com kho tai lieu mien phi4
PART II : DEVELOPMENT
CHAPTER 1
LITERATURE REVIEW
I.1. CULTURE
According to H. Triandis (1994:23), “Culture is a set of human-made
objective and subjective elements that in the past have increased the
probability of survival and resulted in satisfaction for the participants in a
ecological niche, and this became shared among those who could
communicate with each other because they had a common language and they
lived in the same time and place.”
Hoopes (1979:3) defines that: “ culture is the sum of ways of living,
including valuable ness, beliefs, esthetic, standards, linguistic, expression,
patterns of thinking, behave norms, and styles of communication which a
group of people to assume its survival in a particular physical and human
environment. Culture and the people who are part of it interact. So culture is
not static. Culture is the response of a group of human being to valid and
particular needs of its members. It , therefore, has an inherent logic and an
essential balance between positive and negative dimension”.
Levine and Alelman (1993) consider culture as “ a shared background
( for example national, ethnic, religious) resulting from a common language
and communication style, customs, beliefs, art, music and all the other
products of human thought made by a particular group of people at a
particular time. It also refers to the informal and often hidden patterns of5
human interactions, expressions and view points that people in one culture
share”.
Culture is always changing because culture consists of learned patterns of
behavior and belief, cultural traits can be unlearned and learned a new as
human need change. Obviously, language cannot occur alone and is never
separated from social activities and its culture.
I.2.Cross – cultural communication
Cross – culture can be understood as “ the meeting of two cultures or
languages across the political boundaries of nation-state ”s ( Kram, 1998:
81)
The relationship between culture and communication is often compared
with the bond between the voice and the echo.
According to Richard (1985:92). “ cross – cultural communication is an
exchange of ideas, information, etc… between persons from different
backgrounds. There are more problems in cross – cultural communication
than in communication between people of the same cultural background. each
participant may interpret the other‟s speech according to his or her own
cultural conventions and expectations. If the cultural conventions and
misunderstandings can easily arise, even resulting in a total break down of
communication. This has been shown by research into real life situations,
such as job interview, doctor -patient encounters and legal communication”.
Thus cross – cultural communication is a field of study that deals with
these questions, concerning with the communication between/among
interlocutors of different cultural background in an attempt to avoid
misunderstanding, cultural shock and even conflicts. In other words, cross
Ket-noi.com kho tai lieu mien phi Ket-noi.com kho tai lieu mien phi6
cultural communication studies are cultivating cultural fluency, the awareness
of the ways cultures operate in communication, and the abilities to respond
effectively to cultural differences ( Lebaron, 2003)
I.3.Politeness and face
Many linguists share their understanding and their concern on the concept
of politeness. Brown and Levison (1990: 2), in their introduction to
“Politeness- Some Universals in Language Usage”, emphasize that “the
issues of politeness raise sociological speculations of this scale, they also
touch on many other interests and many other fields.”
Cutting (2002: 44-45) views that “in pragmatics, when we talk of
politeness, we do not refer to the social rules of behavior, we refer to the
choices that are made in language use, the linguistic expressions that give
people space and show a friendly attitude to them”.
It is true to say that politeness is a pragmatic phenomenon. Politeness lies
not in the form and the words themselves, but in their function and intended
social meaning.
Politeness, in terms of cultural aspect, is defined as “a fixed concept, as in
the idea of „polite social behavior‟, or etiquette, within a culture” (Yule,
1996: 60).
Richards (1985:281) identifies politeness as “the attempt to establish,
maintain, and save face during conversation”. Brown and Levinson (199)
analyze politeness and say that in order to enter into social relationships, we
have to acknowledge and show an awareness of the face.7
„Face’, the public self-image that every member wants to claim for
himself, consisting in two related aspects:
Negative face: the basic claim to territories, personal preserves, rights to
non-distraction- i.e. to freedom of action and freedom from imposition.
Positive face: the positive consistent self-image or „personality‟ (crucially
including the desire that this self-image be appreciated and approved of)
claimed by interactants.
We should be aware of the fact that it is a universal characteristic across
cultures that speakers should respect each other‟s expectations regarding selfimage, take account of their feelings, and avoid face threatening acts. Cutting
(2002: 45) analyzes the view of Brown and Levinson (1990) of politeness and
face: “ When face threatening acts (FTAs) are unavoidable, speakers can
redress the threat with negative politeness (which does not mean being
impolite) that respects the hearer‟s negative face, the need to be independent,
have freedom of action, and not be imposed on by others. Or they can redress
the FTA with positive politeness, that attends the positive face, the need to
be accepted and liked by others, treated as a member of the group, and to
know one‟s wants are shared by others”.
Brown and Levinson (1990: 69) suggest five possible strategies for
avoiding face threatening acts (FTAs) or for mitigating the face threat, which
are illustrated in the table 1 below
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Luận văn tiếng Anh: The use of politeness in making suggestion in English and Vietnamese = Sử dụng chiến lược lịch sự khi đưa ra lời gợi ý trong tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt. M.A Thesis Linguistics: 60 22 15
Nhà xuất bản: University of Languages and International Studies
Ngày: 2012
Chủ đề: Tiếng Anh
Tiếng Việt
Giao tiếp
Lời gợi ý
Miêu tả: 39 p. + CD-ROM
M.A. Thesis. English liguistics -- University of Languages and International Studies. Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 2012
This thesis focuses on the use of politeness strategies in making suggestion in English and Vietnamese. This study investigates similarities and differences in making suggestion between Vietnamese people and British people. Politeness strategies for making suggestion are analyzed with data taken from the questionnaires for the Vietnamese and British informants. Chapter I: “ theoretical background” deals with the notion of culture, cross – culture, speech act, politeness strategies. Chapter II: “ Data analysis and findings”: Questionnaires are used to collect data for the study. Making suggestions which resorts to various strategies of politeness is a flexibly and effectively communicative act in both Vietnamese and English cultures. Chapter III: Some applications of politeness in English teaching and learning
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Declaration
Acknowledgements
Abstract
List of figures, tables, and charts
PART I: INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………...
I. Rationale………………………………………………………………….....………
II. Aims…………………………………………………………………………………
III. Scope…………………………………………………………………………… ...…
IV. Research questions ………………………………………………………… ……….
V. Research methodology………………………………………………………..……..
VI. Design of the study …………………………………………………………………
PARTII:.DEVELOPMENT ………………………………………………
Chapter 1: Literature review ………………………..………………………………….
1. Culture……………………………………………………………………………
1.2.Cross culture communication…………………………………………………
1.3. Politeness and face……………………………………………………………
1.4. Politeness in cross cultural communication…………………………………..
1.5. Positive politeness strategies…………………………………………………..
1.6. Negative politeness strategies………………………………………………….
1.7. Speech act………………………………………………………………………
1.8. Suggesting as a speech act…………………………………………………….
Chapter 2: Data analysis and findings……………………………………………….
2.1. Comments on survey questionnaires and informants………………………
2.2. The sequence of importance of some factors affectings S‟s choice of
suggesting………………………………………………………………………………
i
ii
iii
iv
1 1 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 5 6 8
10
10
11
12
13
13
15v
2.3. Politeness in suggesting as seen from informants‟ parameter……………
2.4. Realization of positive politeness strategies in suggesting…………………
2.5. Realization of negative politeness strategies in suggesting…………………
2.6. The utterances which are commonly used to suggest among the
informants……………………………………………………………………………….
2.7. Politeness in making suggestion as seen from communicating partner‟s
parameter……………………………………………………………………………….
Chapter 3:Some applications of politeness in suggesting in English teaching and
learning………………………………………………………………………………….
Part III: Conclusion
3.1. Summary of major findings……………………… …………………………….
3.2. Suggest for further study
Reference
Appendix
17
19
21
22
23
28
28
38
38
39
I
Ket-noi.com kho tai lieu mien phi Ket-noi.com kho tai lieu mien phivi
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS
NPS: Negative politeness strategies
PPS: Positive politeness strategies
FTAS: Face of threatening acts
List of tables
Table 1: Possible strategies for doing FTAs ( Brown and Levinson, 1987)
Table 2: Possible strategies for doing FTAs (Nguyen Quang,
1999:130)
Table 3: The in formants‟ status parameters.
Table 4: The sequence of importance of some factors affecting S‟ ss choice of
suggesting
Table 5: Politeness in suggesting as seen from English informants „parameter
Table 6: Politeness in suggesting as seen from Vietnamese informants ‟parameter
Table 7: Realization of positive politeness strategies in suggesting
Table 8: Realization of negative politeness strategies in suggesting
Table 9: the utterances are used in making suggestion among informants1
PART I: INTRODUCTION
I. Rationale
To our understanding, language is a great heaven prize and treasure for
human in order to fulfill our vital needs as the social beings: communication.
Language appeared, remains and flourishes along with human history. With
the seen development of language and language studies at the moment, there
is no need in proving the crucial and irreplaceable position of language in
human life.
Language is not only for communication but also for cultural exchange
among nations. It is difficult to imagine what our lives would be like without
language.
Cross – cultural communication is an interesting and attractive field for us
to find out the similar and different language when studying speech acts such
as: greeting, advising, promising, and suggesting… among countries in the
world.
There are many ways to make suggestion in Vietnamese and English. But
to make suggestion in an effective way is by no mean easy. People often have
difficulties in making appropriate suggesting in another language.
This leads the author to the research into “ The use of politeness strategies
in making suggestion in English and Vietnamese” to find out the similarities
and differences in making suggestion in Vietnamese and English
II. Aims of the study.
The aims of the study are:
Ket-noi.com kho tai lieu mien phi Ket-noi.com kho tai lieu mien phi2
- To investigate ways of suggesting in Vietnamese and English
- To compare and contrast the use of politeness strategies in
suggesting in given Vietnamese and English suggesting situations.
- To contribute to raising language teachers‟ and students‟
awareness of cross – cultural differences in the speech act of
suggesting.
III. Scope of the study
In all aspects of politeness, the study only deals with verbal aspects, in the
light of the politeness theory by Brown and Levinson.
The paper is aimed to investigate the English – Vietnamese cross – cultural
interaction in making suggestion in both languages English and Vietnamese.
The data analysis is mainly taken in to account of interviews with informants
to examine politeness strategies based on collected situations of the act of
suggestions. The data were collected by conducting surveys with
questionnaires. In addition, the data from the informants are also utilized in
the study.
IV. Research question
1. How are politeness strategies manifested in suggestion in English
and Vietnamese?
2. What are the implications for teaching and applying the speech act
suggesting in cross cultural communication in Hai Phong private
university.
V. Method of the study
The following methods are resorted to:3
- Conducting survey (with questionnaires as a data collection
instrument)
- Consulting the supervisor
- Reading relevant publications
- Conducting personal observations
VI. Organization of the study
The study will be organized into the following structure::
Part I: INTRODUCTION outlines the rationale, the methodology, the
aims, the scope, the significance and the organization of the study.
Part II: DEVELOPMENT
Chapter 1 LITERATURE REVIEW reviews the theoretical issues. It
briefly present and discusses the theory of cross – cultural communication
and summaries of politeness strategies, summaries of works on suggestion.
Chapter 2 DATA ANALYSIS presents and discusses similarities and
differences in using politeness strategies in making suggestion in English and
Vietnamese.
Chapter 3 Some applications politeness strategies in teaching English
Part III: CONCLUSION
Summary of major findings and suggestion for further study
Suggestion for further study
Ket-noi.com kho tai lieu mien phi Ket-noi.com kho tai lieu mien phi4
PART II : DEVELOPMENT
CHAPTER 1
LITERATURE REVIEW
I.1. CULTURE
According to H. Triandis (1994:23), “Culture is a set of human-made
objective and subjective elements that in the past have increased the
probability of survival and resulted in satisfaction for the participants in a
ecological niche, and this became shared among those who could
communicate with each other because they had a common language and they
lived in the same time and place.”
Hoopes (1979:3) defines that: “ culture is the sum of ways of living,
including valuable ness, beliefs, esthetic, standards, linguistic, expression,
patterns of thinking, behave norms, and styles of communication which a
group of people to assume its survival in a particular physical and human
environment. Culture and the people who are part of it interact. So culture is
not static. Culture is the response of a group of human being to valid and
particular needs of its members. It , therefore, has an inherent logic and an
essential balance between positive and negative dimension”.
Levine and Alelman (1993) consider culture as “ a shared background
( for example national, ethnic, religious) resulting from a common language
and communication style, customs, beliefs, art, music and all the other
products of human thought made by a particular group of people at a
particular time. It also refers to the informal and often hidden patterns of5
human interactions, expressions and view points that people in one culture
share”.
Culture is always changing because culture consists of learned patterns of
behavior and belief, cultural traits can be unlearned and learned a new as
human need change. Obviously, language cannot occur alone and is never
separated from social activities and its culture.
I.2.Cross – cultural communication
Cross – culture can be understood as “ the meeting of two cultures or
languages across the political boundaries of nation-state ”s ( Kram, 1998:
81)
The relationship between culture and communication is often compared
with the bond between the voice and the echo.
According to Richard (1985:92). “ cross – cultural communication is an
exchange of ideas, information, etc… between persons from different
backgrounds. There are more problems in cross – cultural communication
than in communication between people of the same cultural background. each
participant may interpret the other‟s speech according to his or her own
cultural conventions and expectations. If the cultural conventions and
misunderstandings can easily arise, even resulting in a total break down of
communication. This has been shown by research into real life situations,
such as job interview, doctor -patient encounters and legal communication”.
Thus cross – cultural communication is a field of study that deals with
these questions, concerning with the communication between/among
interlocutors of different cultural background in an attempt to avoid
misunderstanding, cultural shock and even conflicts. In other words, cross
Ket-noi.com kho tai lieu mien phi Ket-noi.com kho tai lieu mien phi6
cultural communication studies are cultivating cultural fluency, the awareness
of the ways cultures operate in communication, and the abilities to respond
effectively to cultural differences ( Lebaron, 2003)
I.3.Politeness and face
Many linguists share their understanding and their concern on the concept
of politeness. Brown and Levison (1990: 2), in their introduction to
“Politeness- Some Universals in Language Usage”, emphasize that “the
issues of politeness raise sociological speculations of this scale, they also
touch on many other interests and many other fields.”
Cutting (2002: 44-45) views that “in pragmatics, when we talk of
politeness, we do not refer to the social rules of behavior, we refer to the
choices that are made in language use, the linguistic expressions that give
people space and show a friendly attitude to them”.
It is true to say that politeness is a pragmatic phenomenon. Politeness lies
not in the form and the words themselves, but in their function and intended
social meaning.
Politeness, in terms of cultural aspect, is defined as “a fixed concept, as in
the idea of „polite social behavior‟, or etiquette, within a culture” (Yule,
1996: 60).
Richards (1985:281) identifies politeness as “the attempt to establish,
maintain, and save face during conversation”. Brown and Levinson (199)
analyze politeness and say that in order to enter into social relationships, we
have to acknowledge and show an awareness of the face.7
„Face’, the public self-image that every member wants to claim for
himself, consisting in two related aspects:
Negative face: the basic claim to territories, personal preserves, rights to
non-distraction- i.e. to freedom of action and freedom from imposition.
Positive face: the positive consistent self-image or „personality‟ (crucially
including the desire that this self-image be appreciated and approved of)
claimed by interactants.
We should be aware of the fact that it is a universal characteristic across
cultures that speakers should respect each other‟s expectations regarding selfimage, take account of their feelings, and avoid face threatening acts. Cutting
(2002: 45) analyzes the view of Brown and Levinson (1990) of politeness and
face: “ When face threatening acts (FTAs) are unavoidable, speakers can
redress the threat with negative politeness (which does not mean being
impolite) that respects the hearer‟s negative face, the need to be independent,
have freedom of action, and not be imposed on by others. Or they can redress
the FTA with positive politeness, that attends the positive face, the need to
be accepted and liked by others, treated as a member of the group, and to
know one‟s wants are shared by others”.
Brown and Levinson (1990: 69) suggest five possible strategies for
avoiding face threatening acts (FTAs) or for mitigating the face threat, which
are illustrated in the table 1 below
Do Drive thay đổi chính sách, nên một số link cũ yêu cầu duyệt download. các bạn chỉ cần làm theo hướng dẫn.
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