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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART A: INTRODUCTION 1
i. Rationale 1
ii. Aims of the study 1
iii. Scope of the study 2
iv. Methods of the study 2
v. Organization of the study 3
PART B: DEVELOPMENT 4
CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 4
1.1. CULTURE 4
1.2. COMMUNICATION 4
1.2.1. Definition of Communication 4
1.2.2. Forms of Communication 5
1.2.3. Components of Communication 5
1.2.4. Cross-cultural communication 6
1.3 NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION 6
1.3.1 Definition of nonverbal communication 6
1.3.2 Importance of nonverbal communication 7
1.3.3. Differences between Nonverbal Communication and Verbal Communication 8
1.3.4 Classification of nonverbal communication 8
1.3.5. Nonverbal communication across culture 9
1.4. DISAPPOINTMENT AND ITS NONVERBAL EXPRESSIONS 10
CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY 18
2.1. COMMENTS ON THE SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRES AND DATA COLLECTION METHOD: 18
2.2. COMMENTS ON THE INFORMANTS 19
2.3. THE PROCEDURE OF DATA COLLECTION 20
2.4. DATA ANALYSIS METHOD 20
CHAPTER 3: DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF THE FINDINGS 21
3.1. DATA ANALYSIS: 21
3.1.1. Most common expressions of disappointment used by Vietnamese and American people 21
3.1.2. Amount of expressiveness in American and Vietnamese cultures 23
3.1.3. Amount of expressiveness in Vietnamese and American cultures as seen from informants’ parameters 24
3.1.3.1. Length of stay or work with native people 24
3.1.3.2. Cultural knowledge 25
3.1.4. Influential factors on the amount of expressiveness 26
3.1.4.1. Communicating partners 26
3.1.4.2. Communicating situations 27
3.2. DISCUSSIONS OF THE FINDINGS: 28
PART C: CONCLUSION 31
1. SUMMARY OF MAJOR FINDINGS 31
2. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION 31
3. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY 32
APPENDICES 33
BIBLIOGRAPHY 34
 



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Tóm tắt nội dung:

onal distance/ Proxemics
- Time/ Chronemics
- Lighting system
- Color
- Heat

Diagram 1: Classification of Nonverbal Communication
1.3.5. Nonverbal communication across culture
As shown in the discussion of differences between NVC and verbal communication, nonverbal cues can be ambiguous even with people of the same culture. With people from different cultures, this is obviously more problematic.
A big amount of nonverbal cues are culture-specific. This means these cues convey the messages that only members of that culture can interpret correctly.
1.4. DISAPPOINTMENT AND ITS NONVERBAL EXPRESSIONS
The size of your success is measured by the strength on your desire, the size of your dream, and how you handle disappointment along the way
Robert Kiyosaki
Is there any one here who has not experienced disappointment in his or her life? It is one of the oldest human experiences. Each of us could make a lot of our unfulfilled wishes or seeds we planted which never grew into plants. Anyone who has hopes or dreams may be waited by some disappointment. When their hopes or dreams can not become true. Alexander Pope wrote “Blessed is the man who expects nothing, for he shall never be disappointed”.
Disappointment is a problem which transcends economics. We can be well-off financially and still have all kinds of disappointment. We can be disappointed with our family members, disappointed with our friends, with our marriage, or jobs for not reaching whatever goals we have set for ourselves. We can be disappointed because our life lacks meaning and direction.
Let us consider a situation described by David E. B. (Jan-Feb. 1985): your boss tells you he is delighted with your performance over the past year and is giving you a $5000 bonus. Are you pleased? If you were not expecting a bonus, you would be delighted. If you were expecting a $10,000 bonus, you would be disappointed. He (David E. Bell) claims that “Disappointment is, then, a psychological reaction to an outcome that does not match up to expectations”.
In a broader view, Loralea Michaelis states “Disappointment is a characteristic feature of our shared condition as mortal creatures subject to the experiences of failure and frustration: our plans may go awry, our actions may have unwanted consequences, our expectations may be frustrated and, in a more general sense, we are rarely the kind of people we would like to be.”
It is stated in a sermon in St. Ansgar’s Lutheran Church that “in the simplest terms, disappointment is unmet positive expectation. The word positive here is important. There are some unmet expectation which bring us joy and satisfaction and not disappointment. For example you might go to see a physician with the expectation that your symptoms will lead to a diagnosis of terminal cancer. You will not be disappointed if that expectation proves to be false. Disappointment occurs when we expect a certain good thing to take place and it doesn’t.”
The same idea can be seen from Levering Bas “The question is whether expectation is a sufficient condition for disappointment. Do unfulfilled expectations by definition lead to disappointment? When a negative expectation is nourished, that is, when I expect something I would rather not see happen, and in fact it does not happen, then I feel relief instead of disappointment. The question is whether relief can been seen as the opposite of disappointment in the sense that the former is about a cheerful feeling and the latter about an unpleasant one. If I pass an exam about which I have had the most anxious expectations. I am first relieved, then glad. This means that when talking about disappointment, there are always desired expectations involved.”
According to Moyo-Angle Bamidele, “everyone that has expectations and desires in life will experience disappointment in one way or the other” and we experience disappointment when:
- When we expect something to happen soon but it does not
- When input is not equal to output
- When things does not work out as plan
- When we believe too much in people
- When we expect things to happen in our own ways but they do not.
According to David. E. Bell (Jan.1985), disappointment is similar to regret: “Disappointment is the feeling of dissatisfaction that follows the failure of expectations to manifest. Similar to regret, it differs in that the individual feeling regret focuses primarily on personal choices contributing to a poor outcome, while the individual feeling disappointment focuses on outcome.”
Francesco Marcatto and Donatella Ferrante claim that regret and disappointment are different emotions. They are both generated by comparing “What is” with “What might have been”. However, “the emotion of regret results from a comparison between an actual outcome and a better outcome that might have occurred had another option been chosen (choice- or –behavior-focused counterfactual). Conversely, disappointment stems from the comparison of an actual outcome with a better outcome that might have resulted had world events occurred differently (situation-focused counterfactuals) (van Djik, van der Pligt & Zeelenberg, 1999)”
Disappointment may be very short-lasting and easy to transfer to another emotional state, anger, frustration or the like. This emotional state can also be very harmful because it may lead to the following in communication:
- Lack of trust.
- Destruction of relationship
- Changing our perceptions to life, people and things we do.
According to many researchers and the author’s personal observation, expressions of disappointment is highly-culture-controlled. In most Oriental countries, people, especially women, are taught not to express their emotional states, especially ones like disappointment, in social interaction in order to maintain the harmony in the community. However, at many points during the communication process, disappointment is intentionally expressed, not verbally but non-verbally, in order to let the partners to know our own emotional state.
From the author’s own observation and analysis of videos and photos searched on the Internet, the most popular expressions for disappointment are as follows:
Facial expressions:
When disappointed, people seem to have abnormal head positions which include: side-tilted (left or right side), head-down (tilted forward) or face-up (to the ceiling). The side-tilted position can be found mostly when people are sitting while head-down and face-up is often found with standing postures.
The eyes of disappointed people tend to lower down or to aim at nothing. Many cases are found with frowning eyes – eyebrows are pushed together. Another popular cue is the curve-up of eyebrows with frowning forehead. In addition, the disappointed gaze is not very often straight. It is often down-looking with lowered eyelids, sometimes up-looking or side-looking, especially, when people try to control the disappointment, they tend to move eye sight from side to side, avoiding eye contact with communicating partners.
With mouth, there are some popular cues including: contorted (pushed to one side), pouting (upper and/or lower lip pushed up). Sometimes, the stiff lips are also found with hard-pressed lips and jaws making lips thinner than in normal state. There are still cases in which people have smirks – or contorted smiles.
For gestures, it is the most common to find hand-with-face gestures and hand-with-head gestures. They can be: one palm covering one eye and/or cheek, one palm covering forehead, both hands covering face, one or both hands touching or pulling hair. With sitting postures, fisted hand or hands, open palm or palms pushing cheeks or supporting chin can be found. Another popular cue is the wide open arms with shrugging shoulders. With standing posture, the cue of arms over head (like religious gesture of Muslim people when praying to Allah) is also found. Besides, the followings are also met: thumb-down gesture together with spouting lips, head shaking from side to side while spouting lips and maintaining lower look.
Disappointed postures vary into categories: sitting and standing. For sitting postures, the followings can be found: collapsed posture with slouching arms and head down, head resting on folded arms, whole body collapsed with chin resting on table, semi-lying posture (like ownership posture with feet on floor) and knees up head down. For standing and walking postures, the most common are collapsed standing posture with head down or face up, with slouching arms or hands resting on hips. The following shift-of-postures are regularly met: from normal posture, especially sitting one, shifting to a collapsed one with back resting; from standing posture shifting to a sitting or lying one. When people are trying to put their disappointment under control, ...
 
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