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Download miễn phí Đề tài Student cheating
Table of contents:
Abstract 1
I. Introduction 1
II. Content 2
1. How do students cheat? 2
1.1 “Qualifying” the teachers/ professors 2
1.2 Collaborative cheating 4
a, Tactical deployment 4
b, Semiotic methods 4
1.3 Solitary cheating 4
2. Why do they cheat? 5
2.1 External factors 5
2.2 Internal factors 6
2.3 The responsibilities of teachers/ professors and parents. 7
3. Suggested effective solutions 7
III. Conclusion 8
IV. References 9
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in the literature exists because the techniques and tactics that students use to cheat have been largely presupposed rather than thoroughly examined and the reasons also diversify along with the time and social environment.This paper examines the varieties of creative tactics that students use to cheat during in-class examinations as well as analysizes the most recent and important reasons causing this tension.
Based upon this study, specific techniques for enforcing academic integrity during in-class examinations will be suggested along with speculations as to the emotional and moral attractions of academic dishonesty.
II.Content:
1. How do students cheat?
McCabe and Bowers (1994, p. 7) define the parameters of cheating on tests/exams as:
1) copying from another test or exam
2) helping someone on a test
3) using a crib note
4) copying from someone without their knowledge (see also McCabe and
Trevino,1996, p. 31).
Smith’s work offers a more specific way of differentiating and classifying cheating on tests, but his questionnaire also implicitly hints that there might be other places and ways that crib notes may be creatively imported and used during an exam. This leads to a
logical question: what type of innovative and creative tactics do students use to cheat during in-class examinations? And once crib notes are used, what strategies do students use to destroy the evidence of their illicit actions? Newstead et al. (1996) and Smith (2000) note that prearranged signal systems are used to receive or communicate answers to and from others; if this is so, are hand signals and tapping one’s pencils the only way that cheating occurs? How do students avoid the obvious possibility of drawing the teacher’s suspicions while employing such intrusive methods of communication?
This study was concerned with identifying and classifying the specific techniques that students use to cheat during in class exams; it was exploratory in nature, designed to elicit detailed narratives. Consequently, no hypotheses were tested. Rather than only using pre-formulated surveys, students were instructed to be as detailed and as descriptive as possible in their narratives.To capture the authenticity of students’ experiences, I
have chosen to let the students represent their own stories, in their own ungrammatical voices besides completing a semi-structured questionnaire.
The data for this study were collected from 100 students from colleges and universties in the first half of December, 2009. Each student was asked to complete a semistructured
questionnaire. The students were asked two questions:
1) Have you ever cheated during an in-class examination? (Cheating was defined as copying a test from others, using unauthorized crib notes and “cheat sheets” during an exam.)
2) If students answered “yes” to (1), they were directed to a second question which asked
them to write a detailed narrative as to how they cheated—the specific tactics they used
to cheat during in-class examinations.
There were wide variations in the length and detail of students’ narratives; for the purposes of this paper, narratives that are rich in descriptions and representative of the analytical category under discussion are chosen as examples.
“Qualifying” the Professor
“Despotic professors incur the deviant wrath of their students, thus facilitating their justifications and rationalizations for cheating” (Haines et al., 1986; McCabe, 1992). Practically, however, students who decide to cheat on in-class exams have to find innovative ways to avoid the surveillance of professors and teaching assistants. Thus, in
addition to completing the exam, students who decide to cheat must first determine their potential for success; to this end, they engage in a “qualifying” process whereby they determine if “the person is desirable as a victim” (Leo, 1996, p. 266).
Essentially, students “size up” their teachers, testing their vigilance. This process is similar to the way police detectives “size up” a suspect in an interrogation room. Students, too, create a psychological “profile” of their professors, and creat suitable ways to dupe them. In common, student makes a distinction between regular faculty members and department chairs, assuming that the courses taught by department chairs are substantively more difficult, the teacher more vigilant and strict—“hard” (“she would not play any games”). That assumption is initially confirmed after one or two lessons and one test. After the first test, however, the student re-evaluates the professor’s suitability as a potential target for cheating after discovering an obvious limitation in the professor’s surveillance capability: she has to remain stationary, hence, limited in her field of vision. Furthermore, the student relies on her knowledge of situational routines to mobilize and execute her illegitimate plans. In this excerpt, the student “sizes up” the professor’s constraints in her mobility, range and scope of her surveillance, and typifications of test administration and uses them to her unfair advantage; consequently, she is able to successfully cheat without detection.
A student elaborates in considerable detail how he “sizes up” the professor and
constructs a working “profile”:
How do you do it (cheat) without getting caught?
The first way is by knowing the professor. What I mean by that is knowing and understanding your professors habits and routines, especially you have to notice his habits and routine in the classroom… Another thing learn his interests. What I mean by
that is notice if he brings a magazine or newspaper and if he does this everyday. If you see him reading something on campus, notice what it is and how long he’ll read than look up. Bring a watch. Most people begin reading something they like and forget what they are supposed to be doing and in about 5 minutes they’ll look up to see where they are or look at their watch to remember what they have to do. After you notice these things a few times your set. If you are going to a test and he comes in with a magazine or paper he read daily or every other day, you got him. You’ve already studied his reading habits and you know about how often he’ll look up at the class. Say he looks up about every 3 minutes. You know you have at least 2 minutes to cheat so now you got him. He is unaware of his thought less routines or habits so the chance of getting caught in
virtually gone. Oh, another things, remember that group or people
you learned your professor likes or is his favorites. You want to be one of them. Why? Because someone who pretends to pay attention or participates will be most unlikely to cheat right? Well, that’s what your professor thinks. So you need to participate and ask
questions you know only your professor would know so he thinks your trying to learn. This is very effective.
The first noteworthy—and impressive—point about the way this student “sizes up” the professor. The student does not just observe the teacher; he collects, sorts, and analyzes behavioral data, carefully noting the professor’s reading habits, body and eye movements, and general comportment in the classroom. By knowing the professor’s habits and routines, the student is able to delineate the situational, normative, and temporal boundaries of illicit action; moreover, such systematic observations reveal the victim’s vulnerabilities and weaknesses. In other words, the student knows what he can get away with and how long he can look at his cheat sheet.
The second noteworthy point is that the student actually “cultivates” the professor, meaning that the student manipulates the professor through a “pattern of psychological dependence” (see Leo 1996, p. 271). Like a good confidence man or a car salesman, an experienced cheater exploits the weaknesses of professors and betrays his/her trust for a chance to improve his/her grade. Once students have “sized up” their professors, and have decided to cheat (or not), then they must decide if they are going to cheat alone or do so in collusion with others.
1.2 Collaborative cheating
Some cheating methods are just uncouth and unimaginative: students sit in the back of the room and blatantly whisper answers back and forth to one another. In this section, some of the recurring, yet not so obvious, methods that students use to cheat in conjunction with their peers are discussed.
a, Tactical Deployment:
Tactical deployment refers to the strategic ways that students position themselves in relation to others; this method requires students to be situated in a zone of maximal surveillance in the proximity of someone who has studied for the exam, one who may or may not be an accomplice. Usually, this person is c...