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Download Luận văn English negative questions in English and Vietnamese - A contrastive analysis

Download miễn phí Luận văn English negative questions in English and Vietnamese - A contrastive analysis





Table of Contents
Declaration . i
Abstract. ii
Acknowledgements iii
Contents . iv
List of tables . vi
Part 1: Introduction
1. Rationale . 1
2. Aims of the study. 2
3. Scope of the study . 2
4. Methods of the study . 2
5. Design of the study . 2
Part 2: Development
Chapter 1: Theoretical Background
1. Negation in English and Vietnamese in brief .
1.1 Definition of negation .
1.2 Scope of negation .
1.3 Focus of negation .
1.3.1 End – focus
1.3.2 Contrastive focus .
1.4. Relationship between Scope and Focus of negation
2. Negative questions in English .
2.1 What is a negative question?.
2.2 The semantic and pragmatic approach to English negative questions . 4
Chapter 2: A contrastive analysis of the English and Vietnamese negative questions
1. Negative forms and non- assertive forms in English
1.1 Negative forms
1.2 Words with negative meaning .
1.3 Non – assertive forms .
2. Negative orientation .
3. English negative questions .
3.1 Negative Yes/ No questions .
3.2 Negative Tag- questions
3.3 Negative Wh- questions .
3.4 Negative alternative questions .
4. A contrastive analysis of negative questions in English and Vietnamese equivalents.
4.1 Introduction .
4.2 Structures. .
4.2.1 Negative structures in Yes/ No questions .
4.2.2 Negative structures in Tag- questions
4.2.3 Negative structures in Wh- questions
4.2.4 Negative structures in alternative questions .
4.3 Subclause .
4.3.1 Use of “not” in English negative question and negative words in Vietnamese equivalents
Chapter 3: Common errors made by Hanoi commercial and tourism college (HCTC) students in using English negative questions and suggested solutions
1. Introduction .
2. Research background and Methodology
2.1 The subjects
2.2 Instrument .
2.3 Procedures .
2.4 Findings .
3. Some suggestions to correct common errors .
Part 3. Conclusion
1. Summary of the findings .
2. Implication for teaching and learning .
3. Suggestion for further studies
Bibliography .
Appendix 1: Questionnaire.
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s really familiar and you feel like talking to them. You think they were in one of your classes last semester. You can ask, "Weren't you in Professor X's history class last semester?" or "Were you in Professor X's history class last semester?" The meaning is the same, but which one you use depends on how sure you are. If you are very sure, use the negative (you expect them to answer yes, similar to the example above). If you are less sure use the regular form.
Negative Yes/No questions
According to Alexander (1992; 255), negative Yes/No question can appear in a post subject position in its full form not , or in pre-subject position in its clinic-contracted form n’t. In other word, it has either contracted forms or uncontracted forms (negative full form and negative short form). According to Quirk et al (1980) the negator full form is rather formal while the short form is usually preferred in informal spoken English.
Uncontracted form
Contracted form
Did John not eat?
Didn’t John not eat?
Do you not buy that book?
Don’t you buy that book?
Uncontracted forms are normally used in formal questions when we require special emphasis to express anger, surprise, etc. And in rhetorical questions, not requiring an answer.
E.g1: Can you not stop asking me for money?
E.g2: Will you not apologize for me?
Contracted forms are used when speaker is expecting the answer “Yes”, it’s also used to express surprise, disbelief, annoyance or sarcasm.
E.g1: Don’t you spend your holiday in France?
E.g2: Can’t you shut the door behind you?
Also they are used for invitation and exclamation:
E.g1: Won’t you come in for a few minutes?
E.g2: Isn’t it a lovely day?
3.2 Negative Tag- questions
The tag question consists of operator plus pronoun, with or without a negative particle, the choice and tense of the operator are determined by the verb phrase in the subordinate clause:
E.g1: The football was exciting, wasn’t it?
E.g2: They did not work all night, did they?
As the examples illustrate, if the subordinate clause is positive, the tag is negative, and vice versa. Both patterns are used to ask the hearer to agree that the statement in the main clause is true.
The nuclear tone of the tag occurs on the operator and is either a rise or fall. Four main types of tag question emerge from the observance of these rules:
Type I
Positive +Negative
E.g.: You can dance, `Can’t you?
(Rising tone)
Type II
Negative + Positive
E.g.: You can’t dance, `Can you?
(Rising tone)
Type III
Positive +Negative
E.g.: You can `Dance, can’t you?
(Falling tone)
Type IV
Negative + Positive
E.g.: You can’t `Dance, can you?
(Falling tone)
However, negative tag questions have been discussed. An affirmative statement is often followed by a negative tag question, in order to ask for confirmation of the affirmative statement. In the following examples, the negative tag questions are underlined. Contractions are usually used in negative tag questions.
E.g1: You are coming with me, aren't you? E.g2: You like coffee, don't you? 3.3 Negative Wh- questions
Wh-questions are another common kind of question. They are also called information questions because the answer to the question requires more than just a Yes- or- No answer. Most Wh-questions begin with words that start with the letters “Wh”, and they usually end with falling intonation. Negative Wh-questions can be formed by putting Wh-element before a negative operator “not” followed by a subject. Or like negative Yes/No questions negator “not” can be put in a post-subject position in its full form or pre-subject position in its short form.
E.g1: What do you not like to eat?
E.g2: What don’t you like to eat?
This kind of question is not merely a means of requesting information, it has much more sense than other questions when going with “why”:
E.g1: Why don’t they give her a lift? (Surprise)
E.g2: Why didn’t you tell me about that problem? (Complaint)
Negative question with “why” contains much sense to express speaker’s attitude. Meanwhile, “who”, “what”, “which”….etc. are only used for requesting information.
E.g3: Who didn’t attend in the meeting yesterday?
E.g4: Which colour didn’t our daughter like?
3.4 Negative alternative questions
An alternative question is a question that presents two or more possible answers and presupposes that only one is true. In form, alternative questions are similar to yes/no interrogatives, in starting with the finite operator and not containing a question word. Alternative questions offer two or more options for responses. Alternative questions, like Yes/No questions, ask on the whole idea expressed by the clauses as options. A positive Yes/No question can be converted into an alternative question by adding or not or a matching of a negative clause:
E.g.1: Are you coming or aren’t you coming?
E.g.2: Are you coming or not?
The first form is not common. The example above might be used if the speaker was impatient because the addressee was hesitating too long. Even so, the form that has undergone conjunction reduction would be more likely:
→ Are you coming or aren’t you?
However, sometimes alternative questions may be concentrated on part of the whole clause.
E.g1: Did John drink coffee or tea?
a. “Is it the case that John drank any of these two things, coffee or tea?”
b. “Which of these two things did John drink: coffee or tea?”
When we turn to negative questions, we often add “not” after subject
E.g2: Did John not drink coffee or tea? ≈(Didn’t John drink coffee or tea?)
→John did not drink coffee.
→John did not drink tea.
E.g.3: Which car wouldn’t you like, the black one or the white one?
→you wouldn’t like the black car
→you wouldn’t like the white car
A contrastive analysis of negative questions in English and Vietnamese equivalents
Introduction
What distinguishes a negative clause from a positive clause is the presence or absence of a negative marker. Negative can be defined as a state in which a negative marker is present, whereas positive can be said to be a state of having no negative marker. Huddleston (1984) identifies two types of negation: clausal and subclausal. Clausal negation, sometimes called sentence negation, produces a clause which is both syntactically and semantically negative, as in "She isn't happy". In this sentence, negation is marked by "n't", one of the two most common markers in English, the other being "not". Subclause negation, by contrast, is often called word negation, since it is negation within the limit of a word or phrase.
Within the scope of this study, the writer only wants to focus on the analysis of structures (sentence negation) of four types English negative questions (Yes/No questions, tag- questions, wh- question and alternative questions), other types of questions will be ignored. We also would like to give the comparison of the use of “not” (Subclause negation) in English negative question and negative words in Vietnamese equivalents.
4.2 Structures
4.2.1 Negative structure in Yes/No questions
As mentioned above we can also state Yes/No questions in the negative by using subject operator “not”. And they have two forms: negative full form or negative short form. In order to form a negative question, the auxiliary is placed before the subject, and the word not is placed after the subject. However, when contractions are used, the contracted form of not follows immediately after the auxiliary. Questions in Vietnamese are usually formed by adding the negators: “không”, “chưa”, “chẳng” or “chả” which are normally place after the subject and before the predicate in combination with “ à/ ư/ sao/ hả/ hử/ chứ/ gì/ hay sao/chớ/ chứ gì/ được sao/ được ư/ phải không/ đấy chứ” which occur in final position. Sometimes “chẳng phải/ không phải/ chả phải/phải chăng/ chẳng phải là / không phải là / chả phải là” in presubject position is used in combination with “à/ sao/ hay sao/ là gì/ đó sao” in final position. “Chẳng lẽ (nào)/(có) lẽ nào”/ có đúng là in presubject position can be used in combination with negator “không/ chẳng/ chưa/ chả” before the predicate.
E.g.1: Didn’t you come there?
E.g.2: Hasn’t she left?
E.g.3: Have I not asked you again and again to be here on time?
Bạn chẳng đến đó là gì?
Cô ấy chưa đi à?
Chả phải là tui đã nhiều lần đề nghị anh đến đây đúng giờ hay sao?
It should be noted that there is no universally accepted contraction for am not. In spoken English, am I not? is often contracted to aren't I?. However, although the expression aren't I? is considered acceptable in infor...
 

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