Free pdf
Sajan Antony Mathew, Joshua Amarnath,
Sathyabama University,
Chennai, India.
Abstract-The wind power potential in India estimated by Centre
for Wind Energy Technology (CWET) at the macro level is
around 48581 MW. This is based on the assumption that 1%
land is available for wind farm development and a more precise
estimation of the wind potential land in India considering the
wind resource, electrical grid infrastructure, physical,
socioeconomic and environment factors would further the
development in a planned and systematic manner. This paper
strives to identify impacts due to wind energy development
regarding environment and socio-economic factors and its
mitigation techniques.The identification of environment and
socio-economic factors as one important input will assist in a
larger study for the determination and quantification of wind
resource potential land for wind energy projects into ranges and
classes using ArcGIS, WaSP(Wind Analysis, Analysis and
Application model) and Multi Criteria Decision
making(MCDA).
Keywords- Impact; Environment; Noise; Visual impact;
Shadow flicker; bird hits; EMI Interference; socio-economic;
I. INTRODUCTION
Wind turbine technology in India was demonstrated to be
a viable solution for harvesting clean energy in the late 80’s
through two projects supported by the Government of India
and DANISH International Development Agency (DANIDA)
in the states of Gujarat and Tamil Nadu. The wind resource
mapping programme started in India in the year 1986 wherein
the first meteorological station was commissioned. The
meteorological data is used for prospecting the wind potential
in a large area ie 20 km x 20 km. Wind potential is classified
into various classes depending upon wind speed and
turbulence levels of a potential site. Due to growth in the
wind energy sector over the last few years the Class 1 sites
(IEC classification) are slowly being consumed and the
design of wind turbines is undergoing changes for optimizing
extraction at lower wind potential sites. Since wind potential
land is the most important criteria for the development of
wind energy, a careful and accurate assessment is of utmost
importance to sustain the growth in the energy mix of the
country. Further the micro level assessment does take the key
parameter of wind conditions into consideration, but often
tend not to include environment and socio-economic
parameters. This is mainly due to the fact that Environmental
Impact Assessment (EIA) for wind energy projects is not
required as this activity is not covered in the Government of
India Environmental Impact Assessment notification of 1994
or the amended notification of 2006.
A.Impact of wind energy on environment
The energy generation from wind pursues a scheme for
supporting the reduction of greenhouse gases which mitigates
effects on climate change. Environmental pollution due to the
use of fossil fuels constitutes a threat to health, environment
and sustainable economic growth. The costs towards health,
environment and societal caused by energy generation and
conversion processes are not included for establishing energy
prices. Due to this factor the comparison of prices gets
distorted which is often detrimental to decisions taken in
favour of renewable energy. Wind energy would not require
any support and will be cost effective if the capital, operation
and maintenance, fuel, health, environment, societal, security,
hazardous waste management and decommissioning costs are
weighted and compared on an equal footing. The positive
note is that wind energy does not emit any pollutants
affecting health and environment and due to the growing
concern of the environmental issues of all conventional fuels
as compared to wind, responsible public sector and private
sector companies are turning towards investment in
renewables, especially wind. This does not mean that wind
energy does not have any impact on the environment even
though it can be said that in comparison to the benefits
derived from wind, the impacts are negligible. The barometer
of sustainability of wind energy shall not only be on its clean
renewable identity but also in its capability to mitigate
impacts. Therefore the identification of possible impacts on
the environment is important even though not many research
studies are available as impact assessment of wind energy is
relatively new area. The impacts identified where studies are
available are noise, visual impact, shadow flicker, bird hits,
electromagnetic interference and effects on the ecosystems.
a.Noise
The wind turbines of the 80’s were mostly around 250
kW rating and operating at around hub heights of 30m with
rotor diameters of 30m with minor variants. During this
period, wind turbines were predominantly three-bladed,
upwind, geared and stall regulated and some of these have
undergone changes in the current context. The impact of the
technology transmuting wind energy into a reliable source is
gaining impetus as the present day technology is churning out
Do Drive thay đổi chính sách, nên một số link cũ yêu cầu duyệt download. các bạn chỉ cần làm theo hướng dẫn.
Password giải nén nếu cần: ket-noi.com | Bấm trực tiếp vào Link để tải:
Sajan Antony Mathew, Joshua Amarnath,
Sathyabama University,
Chennai, India.
Abstract-The wind power potential in India estimated by Centre
for Wind Energy Technology (CWET) at the macro level is
around 48581 MW. This is based on the assumption that 1%
land is available for wind farm development and a more precise
estimation of the wind potential land in India considering the
wind resource, electrical grid infrastructure, physical,
socioeconomic and environment factors would further the
development in a planned and systematic manner. This paper
strives to identify impacts due to wind energy development
regarding environment and socio-economic factors and its
mitigation techniques.The identification of environment and
socio-economic factors as one important input will assist in a
larger study for the determination and quantification of wind
resource potential land for wind energy projects into ranges and
classes using ArcGIS, WaSP(Wind Analysis, Analysis and
Application model) and Multi Criteria Decision
making(MCDA).
Keywords- Impact; Environment; Noise; Visual impact;
Shadow flicker; bird hits; EMI Interference; socio-economic;
I. INTRODUCTION
Wind turbine technology in India was demonstrated to be
a viable solution for harvesting clean energy in the late 80’s
through two projects supported by the Government of India
and DANISH International Development Agency (DANIDA)
in the states of Gujarat and Tamil Nadu. The wind resource
mapping programme started in India in the year 1986 wherein
the first meteorological station was commissioned. The
meteorological data is used for prospecting the wind potential
in a large area ie 20 km x 20 km. Wind potential is classified
into various classes depending upon wind speed and
turbulence levels of a potential site. Due to growth in the
wind energy sector over the last few years the Class 1 sites
(IEC classification) are slowly being consumed and the
design of wind turbines is undergoing changes for optimizing
extraction at lower wind potential sites. Since wind potential
land is the most important criteria for the development of
wind energy, a careful and accurate assessment is of utmost
importance to sustain the growth in the energy mix of the
country. Further the micro level assessment does take the key
parameter of wind conditions into consideration, but often
tend not to include environment and socio-economic
parameters. This is mainly due to the fact that Environmental
Impact Assessment (EIA) for wind energy projects is not
required as this activity is not covered in the Government of
India Environmental Impact Assessment notification of 1994
or the amended notification of 2006.
A.Impact of wind energy on environment
The energy generation from wind pursues a scheme for
supporting the reduction of greenhouse gases which mitigates
effects on climate change. Environmental pollution due to the
use of fossil fuels constitutes a threat to health, environment
and sustainable economic growth. The costs towards health,
environment and societal caused by energy generation and
conversion processes are not included for establishing energy
prices. Due to this factor the comparison of prices gets
distorted which is often detrimental to decisions taken in
favour of renewable energy. Wind energy would not require
any support and will be cost effective if the capital, operation
and maintenance, fuel, health, environment, societal, security,
hazardous waste management and decommissioning costs are
weighted and compared on an equal footing. The positive
note is that wind energy does not emit any pollutants
affecting health and environment and due to the growing
concern of the environmental issues of all conventional fuels
as compared to wind, responsible public sector and private
sector companies are turning towards investment in
renewables, especially wind. This does not mean that wind
energy does not have any impact on the environment even
though it can be said that in comparison to the benefits
derived from wind, the impacts are negligible. The barometer
of sustainability of wind energy shall not only be on its clean
renewable identity but also in its capability to mitigate
impacts. Therefore the identification of possible impacts on
the environment is important even though not many research
studies are available as impact assessment of wind energy is
relatively new area. The impacts identified where studies are
available are noise, visual impact, shadow flicker, bird hits,
electromagnetic interference and effects on the ecosystems.
a.Noise
The wind turbines of the 80’s were mostly around 250
kW rating and operating at around hub heights of 30m with
rotor diameters of 30m with minor variants. During this
period, wind turbines were predominantly three-bladed,
upwind, geared and stall regulated and some of these have
undergone changes in the current context. The impact of the
technology transmuting wind energy into a reliable source is
gaining impetus as the present day technology is churning out
Do Drive thay đổi chính sách, nên một số link cũ yêu cầu duyệt download. các bạn chỉ cần làm theo hướng dẫn.
Password giải nén nếu cần: ket-noi.com | Bấm trực tiếp vào Link để tải:
You must be registered for see links