Link tải luận văn miễn phí cho ae Kết Nối
"Tài liệu chuyên sâu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi tiếng anh"
NGỮ PHÁP CHUYÊN SÂU BỒI DƯỠNG HỌC SINH GIỎI TIẾNG ANH
Tài liệu không trình bày lại kiến thức cơ bản mà tập trung vào việc nêu lên các
phần kiến thức nâng cao và BT ứng dụng liên quan tới 20 chuyên đề chính, tập trung
nhiều vào các vấn đề hay và khó thường gặp trong các đề thi. Các câu hỏi hay và khó
đều có đáp án, giải thích chi tiết và đặc biệt là có ghi chú nguồn gốc của tài liệu tham
khảo của mỗi câu ở phần đáp án.
CD1: Modal Verbs
CD2: Reducing a clause
CD3: Passive Voice
CD4: Subjunctives and Unreal Tenses
CD5: Clauses of Concession and Reason
CD6: Tenses
CD7: Conditions
CD8: Comparisons
CD9: Styles
CD10: Noun Clauses
CD11 : V.ing/ Infinitives
CD12: Paired Conjunctions
CD13: Relative Clauses
CD14: Inversions
CD15: So … that/ Such … that
CD16: Cleft Sentences
CD17: Phrasal Verbs
CD18: Idioms
CD19: Reported Speech
CD20: Others
6 Quà tặng miễn phí kèm theo:
50 đề thi HSG lớp 9
Tuyển tập đề thi HSG lớp 10
60 Đề thi HSG lớp 11
50 Đề thi HSG lớp 12
120 Đề Ôn thi THPT Quốc gia
Bộ sưu tập các cụm động từ và thành ngữ hay gặp trong các đề thi
Lưu ý tìm tải cả file đính kèm để có đầy đủ tài liệu qùa tặng. Ngoài file chính này
ở dạng word là tập hợp của tất cả 20 chuyên đề với số lượng trang khá lớn, từng
chuyên đề còn có cả từng file word riêng lẻ trong file đính kèm của quà tặng để
bạn đọc tiện sử dụng.
Teacher in Charge: Nguyen Duy Xuan
[email protected] – Tel: 0984095430-0912619209
Tài liệu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi Tiếng Anh
CHUYÊN ĐỀ 1: BỒI DƯỠNG KIẾN THỨC NÂNG CAO VỀ ĐỘNG TỪ KHUYẾT
THIẾU
MODAL VERBS
I. Some Common Modal Verbs
1. Must/ Have to
- Must: phải => diễn tả sự cần thiết, bắt buộc (mang tính cá nhân); chắc hản => diễn
tả sự suy luận logic ở ht
E.g. - She’s a really nice person. You must meet her. (= I say this is necessary)
Cô ấy là một người thật sự tốt. Anh phải gặp cô ấy. (= tui nói điều đó là cần
thiết)
- I haven’t phoned Ann for ages. I must phone her tonight.
Đã lâu rồi tui không gọi điện thoại cho Ann. tui phải gọi cho cô ấy tối nay.
- You must be worried that she is so late coming home.
Chắc hẳn bạn phải e sợ lắm vì cô ấy về nhà trễ thế này.
- The grass is wet. It must be raining.
- You must be hungry. You haven't eaten anything all day.
(Opposite: - You can't be hungry. You've just eaten.)
- Have to: phải => diễn tả sự bắt buộc không mang tính chất cá nhân, thường nói về
quy định, luật lệ, hoàn cảnh khách quan. Have to không phải là trợ động từ nhưng có
nghĩa giống như trợ động từ Must.
E.g. - You can’t turn right here. You have to turn left. (because of the traffic
system)
Anh không thể rẽ phải ở đây. Anh phải rẽ trái. (do luật giao thông)
- My eye sight isn’t very good. I have to wear glasses for reading.
Thị lực của tui không được tốt. tui phải đeo kính để đọc sách. (do hoàn cảnh
thực tế)
- George can’t come out with us this evening. He has to work.
George không thể đi với chúng ta tối nay. Anh ấy phải làm việc.
- Mustn’t và don’t have to là hoàn toàn khác nhau.
+ Mustn’t do St: không được (phép) làm gì
E.g. - You must keep it a secret. You mustn’t tell anyone. (=don’t tell anyone)
Bạn phải giữ điều đó bí mật nhé. Bạn không được nói với bất cứ ai.
+ Don’t have to do St: không cần thiết phải làm điều đó (nhưng có thể làm nếu bạn
muốn).
E.g. - You can tell me if you want but you don’t have to tell me (= you don’t need
to tell me)
Bạn có thể kể với tui nếu bạn muốn nhưng bạn không bắt buộc phải nói với tôi. (=
bạn không cần nói với tôi)
I’m not working tomorrow, so I don’t have to get up early.
Sáng mai tui không làm việc, vì vậy tui không phải dậy sớm.
2. Need (cần)
- Need: được sử dụng như một động từ thường
Teacher in Charge: Nguyen Duy Xuan
[email protected] – Tel: 0984095430-0912619209
Tài liệu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi Tiếng Anh
+ Need to do St: nếu chủ ngữ là một vật thể sống => cần …
E.g. - He will need to drive home alone tonight.
- John needs to paint his house.
+ Need doing St/ Need to be done: nếu chủ ngữ không phải là vật thể sống (=
Want/Require + V.ing => nhưng ít dùng)
E.g. - The grass needs cutting. (= The grass needs to be cut.)
- The television needs repairing. (The television needs to be repaired.)
- Your essays need rewriting. (Your essays need to be rewritten.)
- Need: được sử dụng như một trợ động từ trong thể phủ định, nghi vấn ở thời hiện tại
(không có s ở ngôi 3 số ít)
E.g. - We needn’t reserve seats – There will be plenty of rooms.
- Needn’t là hình thức phủ định của Must (vì Mustn’t có nghĩa là không được phép)
E.g.
You needn’t apply for a visa to visit France if you hold a EU passport, but if you are
not an EU citizen, you mustn’t unless you have a visa.
3. Can: Có thể => chỉ khả năng của con người, gợi ý, …
E.g. - I can swim.
- Can I Giúp you?
4. Could: Có thể => chỉ khả năng của con người trong quá khứ, hỏi đường, yêu
cầu lịch sự …
E.g. - When I was young, I could swim very well.
- Could you tell me the way to the nearest post office, please?
- Could you close the windows, please?
5. May: Có thể => chỉ khả năng của sự việc, xin phép, cho phép, …
E.g. - May I go out?
- China may become a major economic power. (TQ có thể trở thành một cường
quốc về kinh tế.)
6. Might: Có thể => chỉ khả năng của sự việc, …
E.g. - We had better phone tomorrow, they might be eating their dinner now.
7. Should/Ought to/ Had better/ Be(ht) supposed to: nên => chỉ sự khuyên bảo …
E.g. - I think we should check everything again.
*. Should: ngoài ra should còn dùng để diễn tả điều gì đó ở hiện tại không như mong
đợi.
E.g. - The price on this packet is wrong. It says 65 cents but It should be 50.
(giá ghi trên gói hàng này không đúng Nó ghi 65 xu nhưng đáng lẽ chỉ là 50 xu thôi).
- The train should be here now. (Đáng lẽ giờ này tàu phải đến đây rồi.)
*. If… should: nếu mà … => ít chắc chắn
E.g. - If you should see Tom this evening, can you tell him to phone me?
(Nếu tối nay gặp bạn Tom, bạn có thể bảo anh ta gọi điện thoại cho tui được
không?).
Câu này cũng tương tự như câu “If you see Tom “(Nếu bạn gặp Tom) (không có
should). Với should người nói ít chắc chắn (less certain) hơn:
- If it should rain, can you bring in the washing from the garden?
Teacher in Charge: Nguyen Duy Xuan
[email protected] – Tel: 0984095430-0912619209
Tài liệu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi Tiếng Anh
(Nếu trời mưa, đem đồ đang phơi ngoài vườn vào nhé?)
8. May as well/Might as well: Thôi thì …; => diễn tả một việc gì đó nên làm vì
không còn gì khác tốt hơn thế
E.g. - You’ll have to wait an hour for the next bus, so you might as well walk.
(Bạn phải đợi một tiếng mới có chuyến xe buýt kế tiếp, thôi thì bạn đi bộ cho
rồi).
- We may as well go to the party. We’re nothing else to do.
(Thôi thì chúng ta đi dự tiệc vậy. Chúng ta không còn việc gì khác để làm cả).
- ‘’Shall we have dinner now?’’ ‘’We might as well’’. (Chúng ta sẽ ăn tối bây
giờ chứ? ‘’Cũng được thôi’’)
9. Would like: muốn => diễn tả lời mời hay mong muốn
E.g. - Would you like to dance with me?
- I would like to visit Thailand.
II. Modal Verbs in the Past
1. Must have + V(p2): chắc chắn là đã, chắc hẳn là đã, chắc chắn phải => suy
luận về quá khứ mà người nói biết chắc chắn 100%.
E.g. - It must have rained heavily last night. Everything is wet.
- Hoa should have arrived by now, she must have missed the bus.
- Jane did very well on the exam. She must have studied hard.
- I didn’t hear you knock, I must have been gardening behind the house.
2. Should(n’t)/Ought(n’t) to + have + V(p2): Lẽ ra (không) nên => Diễn tả điều
gì đó nên làm trong qk nhưng đã không làm => thường thể hiện sự núi tiếc, ân
hận của người nói
E.g. - He failed his exams. He should have studied harder.
- You oughtn’t have bought a second-hand car. It cost you a lot of money to
have it repaired.
3. Can’t + have + V(p2): Chắc chắn không thể … => Diễn tả điều gì đó không
thể xảy ra vì người nói biết chắc chắn.
E.g. - It can’t have been John you saw yesterday. He came to Paris last week.
4. Couldn’t + have + V(p2): Lẽ ra có/không thể … => Diễn tả khả năng của sự
việc trong quá khứ nhưng không thực hiện được, hay sự việc có thể đã xảy ra
trong qk nhưng người nói không chắc chắn lắm.
E.g. - David could have won the race if he had tried. (Lẽ ra David có thể thắng cuộc
…)
- It could have been Sue, I suppose. (Đó có thể là Sue, tui nghĩ thế => không
chắc chắn)
- Why did you stay at a hotel when you went to New York? You could have
stayed with Barbara. (= you had the opportunity to stay with her but you didn't)
(Tại sao bạn lại ở khách sạn khi bạn đến New York? Bạn có thể ở với Barbara cơ mà.
(=bạn đã có cơ hội ở với cô ấy nhưng bạn không thực hiện)
Teacher in Charge: Nguyen Duy Xuan
[email protected] – Tel: 0984095430-0912619209
Tài liệu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi Tiếng Anh
- Jack fell off a ladder yesterday but he’s all right. He’s lucky - he could have
hurt himself badly. (but he didn't hurt himself)
(Ngày hôm qua Jack đã ngã xuống từ một cái thang nhưng anh ấy không hề gì. Anh
ấy thật may mắn - anh ấy lẽ ra đã bị thương rất nặng. (nhưng anh ấy đã không bị
thương gì hết)
- The situation was bad but it could have been worse. Tình hình là xấu nhưng
nó đã có thể tồi tệ hơn nhiều.
- The cause of death could have been bacteria.
5. May/Might + have + V(p2): Có thể đã … => Diễn tả khả năng của sự việc
trong quá khứ nhưng không chắc chắn lắm.
E.g. - It may have rained last night, but I’m not sure.
- I didn’t hear the telephone ring, I might heave been sleeping at that time.
(compare past continuous)
- Ben might have gone to the movies yesterday.
6. Needn’t + have + V(p2): lẽ ra không cần … => Diễn tả điều gì đó không cần
phải làm trong quá khứ nhưng đã làm vì không biết trước. Bây giờ mới biết là
điều đó không cần thiết.
E.g. - It didn’t rain. He needn’t have brought the umbrella. (He brought it. He didn’t
know whether it rained or not.)
*. Needn’t have done St (lẽ ra không cần: vì không biết trước nên đã thực hiện)
and Didn’t need to do St (không cần thiết phải: biết trước sự việc ngay từ đầu và đã
không thực hiện…)
E.g. - I didn’t get up early, so I didn’t.
Teacher in Charge: Nguyen Duy Xuan
[email protected] – Tel: 0984095430-0912619209
Tài liệu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi Tiếng Anh
PRACITCE ON MODAL VERBS IN THE PRESENT
1. I advise you to put your money in the bank. => You’d …
2. Excuse me! I’d like some information about the English summer course, please.
=> Could you …
3. John offered to carry Jane’s case for her. => “Would you like ….”
4. The motor in this machine needs cleaning once a week. (has)
=> The motor in this machine ……………………. once a week.
5. I’d like to invite you to luch. => Will you
………………………………………………………………….?
6. It’s possible Louise is waiting for us at the airport. => Louise may …
7. It is not necessary for anyone to know who paid the ransom to the kidnappers.
=> No one need …
8. It may be necessary for us to cancel our holiday because my mother is ill.
=> We may …
9. He is very likely to come. (probability) => …
10. It’d be a good idea for you to come with us next Sunday. ought
=> Next Sunday ………………………………………. with us.
11. Photography is not allowed in the museums. photographs
=> You ………………………….. in the museum.
12. There’s no need for you to do any work if you don’t feel like it. have
=> If you don’t feel like it …………………………… do any work.
13. It isn’t always necessary to be a member of the club. need
=> You ……………………...... be a member of the club.
14. She was not certain about the trip. decide
=> She
…………………………………….. about the trip.
15. A heavy shower prevented them from finishing their game of tennis.
=> They were …
16. He couldn't swim until he was in his twenties. ABLE
=> He ................................................. until he was in his twenties.
17. Perhaps he’s working late. may => He ……may be working…. late.
18. Mother told Tom that he had to go to bed early. must => ‘You to ………...……
bed early,’ Mother told Tom.
19. They will expect you to wear a suit for the interview. HAVE
=> You ................................................ a suit for the interview.
20. I'd see a doctor if I were you. OUGHT => You
………………….................................................. a doctor.
21. Could you speak English when you were younger? ABLE
=> When you were younger, …………………………………………………. speak
English?
22. I think it’s time the children went to bed now. HAD
=> I think the children ………………………………………………… to bed now.
23. I am sure Maria finds reading interesting because she has lots of books. MUST
Teacher in Charge: Nguyen Duy Xuan
[email protected] – Tel: 0984095430-0912619209
Tài liệu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi Tiếng Anh
=> Maria ……………………………………………………… reading because she
has lots of books.
24.Do you happen to know the time of the next train to London? COULD
=> I wonder ………………………………………………. me the time of the next
train to London?
25. I think Roman needs to see a doctor. His cough is terrible. ought
=> With that terrible cough, Roman …………………………………… a doctor.
26."Why don't you take a day off?" asked Magda. should
=> Magda suggested
……………………… a day off.
27. George knew how to ride a bicycle when he was five. => George was …
28. I wanted to go to the party, but it was snowing hard. => I couldn’t …
(Note: If it hadn’t been snowing hard, I could have gone to the party.)
29. If I were you, I wouldn’t tell anybody about the discovery.
=> You had …
30. Jerry had terrible problems with solving the riddle. (hardly) => Jerry could …
31. Isn’t it high time you greased the hinges? (need) => …
32. You should take an umbrella with you. BETTER
=> You ................................................ an umbrella with you.
33. It’s forbidden to take pictures. (not)
=> You _______________________________ pictures.
34. It isn’t necessary to feed the cats. I’ve already fed them. (have)
=> You ________________________________________ the cats.
35. It’s prohibited to take pets into the museum. (not)
=> You ____________________________________ into the museum.
36. It isn’t necessary to change the sheets. I’ll do it tomorrow. (need)
=> You _____________________________________________ the sheets.
37. Students aren’t allowed to leave the dormitory after 11 p.m. (not)
=> Students ____________________________________ after 11 p.m.
38. Kindergarden students needn’t wear school uniforms. (have)
=> Kindergarden students ______________________________ school uniforms.
Teacher in Charge: Nguyen Duy Xuan
[email protected] – Tel: 0984095430-0912619209
Tài liệu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi Tiếng Anh
PRACTICE ON MODAL VERBS IN THE PAST
1. I’m sure it was Tom who cleared everything up. => Tom must …
2. I’m sure he didn’t know that his brother was seriously ill.
=> He couldn’t possibly …
3. It was careless of you to leave the windows open last night.
=> You should not …
4. I’m sure she didn’t do it on purpose. => She can’t …
5. Diane was supposed to write to her parents last week. (ought)
=> Diane …………………………………………………………
6. Maybe Mathew forgot all about it. => Mathew might …
7. I had the chance to do a parachute jump, but I was too scared.
=> I could …
8. I’m absolutely sure that they weren’t playing in this weather.
=> They can’t …
9. It wasn’t necessary for you to go to so much trouble on my behalf.
=> You needn’t …
10. Jean’s boss was extremely kind to her. => Jean’s boss couldn’t …
11. Our worrying so much was a waste of time. => We needn’t …
12. It is just not possible for the cat to have opened the fridge!
=> The cat …
13. It would have been possible for Helen to give us a lift. => Helen …
14. School uniform wasn’t compulsory at my school. => We …
15. His efforts to find a solution didn’t deserve such savage criticism.
=> He shouldn’t …
16. Perhaps I didn't get a better job because I didn't study hard enough.
=> I might ..................................................................................................
17. Martin needn’t have paid for all our tickets. => It …
18. It’s impossible for them to have found him in that jungle.
=> He …
19. It was wrong of you to scare your mother like that. => You oughtn’t …
20. I’m afraid there may be something missing from your report. (OVERLOOKED)
=> …
21. I think it was a mistake to lend your car to Joe. (SHOULD)
=> I don’t think ……………………………………… your car to Joe.
22. It was impossible to predict all the problems that we faced when we built our own
house. (PREDICTED)
=> Nobody could …………………………………………… face so many problems
when we built our own house.
23. You couldn’t have seen Mary in the park. => It …
24. He must have spent a small fortune renovating that told house.
=> It must ...
Teacher in Charge: Nguyen Duy Xuan
[email protected] – Tel: 0984095430-0912619209
Tài liệu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi Tiếng Anh
25. It’s possible that the building was burgled after midnight. may
=> The building ……………………………….. after midnight.
26. It wasn’t necessary to meet me at the airport yesterday. needn’t
=> You ………………………………………………… me at the airport yesterday.
27. It was unkind of you to talk to her like that. not => You
…………………………………..… to her like that.
28. Perhaps he hasn’t received the doctor’s results yet. may => He
……………………….. the doctor’s results yet.
29. It is likely that they have already left. may
=> They
…………………………………………….... left.
30. I’m sure he took the cheque-book with him. must => He
…………………………... the cheque-book with him.
31. It’s possible that she didn’t understand what I had said. might
=> She ………………………………………………………. what I had said.
32. She is certain to have heard about it on the news. must
=> She ___________________________________ about it on the news.
33. You can’t vote unless you are over eighteen. must => You
……………………………………………. to vote.
34. I doubt very much that you saw Carla at the party as she’s in Scotland at the
moment. can’t
=> You __________________________________ Carla at the party as she’s in
Scotland at the moment.
35. It was wrong of you to steal those apples from Mrs Brown’s garden. should
=> You ____________________________________ those apples from Mrs Brown’s
garden.
36 The thief ran right past you so I’m sure you saw his face. must
=> The thief ran right past you so ……………………………………………………
his face.
37. It’s possible that they didn’t get the message in time. might
=> They ____________________________________________ the message in time.
38. I went to the office then remembered it was my day off. HAVE
=> I ............................................... to the office as it was my day off.
39. Perhaps we missed the correct turning. MIGHT =>
We ............................................... the correct turning.
40. We got a table at the restaurant without a reservation. NEED
=> We ................................................ book a table at the restaurant.
41. You were expected to answer all the questions on the exam paper. ANSWERED
=> You ..................................................................... all the questions on the
examination paper.
42. I'm sure it was Ana I saw in town as I recognised her coat. MUST
=> It ........................................ Ana I saw in town as I recognised her coat.
43. I positively know they haven't accepted the raise.
=> They can't ___________________________________
Teacher in Charge: Nguyen Duy Xuan
[email protected] – Tel: 0984095430-0912619209
Tài liệu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi Tiếng Anh
44. Maybe John has not remembered about tonight’s party. COULD
=> I suppose John …………………………………………… about tonight’s party.
45. We booked seats but it was not necessary because there was plenty of room.
BOOKED
=> We …………………………………………………… seats because there was
plenty of room.
46. Marcin didn't come to the meeting yesterday. Perhaps he was ill. might
=> Marcin …………………………………… yesterday.
47. I took a jumper but it wasn't necessary. taken => I
………………………………………………… a jumper.
48. I'm sure he was at home last night. must =>
He……………………………………………………… at home last night.
49. Maurice didn't come to the meeting yesterday. Perhaps he was ill. might
=> Maurice …………………………………………… yesterday.
50.I took a sweater but it wasn't necessary. taken => I
……………………………………………… a sweater.
Teacher in Charge: Nguyen Duy Xuan
[email protected] – Tel: 0984095430-0912619209
Tài liệu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi Tiếng Anh
ANSWER KEY
PRACITCE ON MODAL VERBS IN THE PRESENT
1. I advise you to put your money in the bank. => You’d …
(DH QG TP.HCM – Khoi D – chuyen ban 97-98, P.238)
2. Excuse me! I’d like some information about the English summer course, please.
=> Could you …
(Could you tell me some information about the English summer course, please?) (DH
Vinh – 2001-2002, P.91)
3. John offered to carry Jane’s case for her. => “Would you like ….” (“Would you
like me to carry your case, Jane” John said to Jane.) (CDSP Dong Thap – 2001-2002,
P.242)
4. The motor in this machine needs cleaning once a week. (has)
=> The motor in this machine ……………………. once a week.
(has to be cleaned) (BTTH TA10 – P130)
5. I’d like to invite you to luch. => Will you
………………………………………………………………….?
(come to lunch with me?) (BTTH TA 10 – P.56)
6. It’s possible Louise is waiting for us at the airport. => Louise may …
(be waiting for us at the airport.) (BTTA 12 – P.157)
7. It is not necessary for anyone to know who paid the ransom to the kidnappers.
=> No one need …
(know who paid the ransom to the kidnappers.) (BTTA 12 – P.157)
8. It may be necessary for us to cancel our holiday because my mother is ill.
=> We may …
(have to cancel our holiday because my mother is ill.) (it’s necessary => have to,
it may be necessary => may have to) (BTTA 12 – P.157)
9. He is very likely to come. (probability) => …
(In all probability he will come.) (BD HSG TA 11 – P.68) (rất có thể anh ta sẽ đến)
10. It’d be a good idea for you to come with us next Sunday. ought
=> Next Sunday ………………………………………. with us.
(Next Sunday … you ought to come … with us.)
11. Photography is not allowed in the museums. photographs
=> You ………………………….. in the museum.
(You … mustn’t take photographs … in the museum.)
12. There’s no need for you to do any work if you don’t feel like it. have
=> If you don’t feel like it …………………………… do any work.
(If you don’t feel like it … you don’t have to … do any work.)
13. It isn’t always necessary to be a member of the club. need
=> You ……………………...... be a member of the club.
(You … don’t always need to … be a member of the club.)
14. She was not certain about the trip. decide
=> She
…………………………………….. about the trip.
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(She ……could not decide….. about the trip.)
15. A heavy shower prevented them from finishing their game of tennis.
=> They were …
(unable to finish their game of tennis because of a heavy shower./ acceptable
answer: … prevented from finishing their game of tennis because of a heavy
shower.) (BTTA 12 – P.157)
16. He couldn't swim until he was in his twenties. ABLE
=> He ................................................. until he was in his twenties.
(wasn't able to swim/ was not able to swim)
17. Perhaps he’s working late. may => He ……may be working…. late.
(He ……may be working…. late.)
18. Mother told Tom that he had to go to bed early. must => ‘You to ………...……
bed early,’ Mother told Tom.
(‘You to …must go……bed early,’ Mother told Tom.)
19. They will expect you to wear a suit for the interview. HAVE
=> You ................................................ a suit for the interview.
('ll have to wear/will have to wear)
20. I'd see a doctor if I were you. OUGHT => You
………………….................................................. a doctor.
(ought to see)
21. Could you speak English when you were younger? ABLE
=> When you were younger, …………………………………………………. speak
English?
(were you able to)
22. I think it’s time the children went to bed now. HAD
=> I think the children ………………………………………………… to bed now.
(had better go)
23. I am sure Maria finds reading interesting because she has lots of books. MUST
=> Maria ……………………………………………………… reading because she
has lots of books.
(must be interested in/must have an interest in)
24.Do you happen to know the time of the next train to London? COULD
=> I wonder ………………………………………………. me the time of the next
train to London?
(if you could tell)
25. I think Roman needs to see a doctor. His cough is terrible. ought
=> With that terrible cough, Roman …………………………………… a doctor.
(With that terrible cough, Roman ought to see a doctor.)
26."Why don't you take a day off?" asked Magda. should
=> Magda suggested
……………………… a day off.
(Magda suggested I should take a day off.)
27. George knew how to ride a bicycle when he was five. => George was …
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Tài liệu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi Tiếng Anh
(able to ride a bicycle when he was five. = George could ride a bicycle when he
was five.) (BD HSG TA 11 – P.21)
28. I wanted to go to the party, but it was snowing hard. => I couldn’t …
(go to the party because it was snowing hard.) (BD HSG TA 11 – P.21)
(Note: If it hadn’t been snowing hard, I could have gone to the party.)
29. If I were you, I wouldn’t tell anybody about the discovery.
=> You had …
(You had better not tell anybody about the discovery.)
30. Jerry had terrible problems with solving the riddle. (hardly) => Jerry could …
(Jerry could hardly solve the riddle.)
31. Isn’t it high time you greased the hinges? (need) => …
(Don’t the hinges need greasing/ to be greased?)
32. You should take an umbrella with you. BETTER
=> You ................................................ an umbrella with you. (had better take/ 'd
better take)
33. It’s forbidden to take pictures. (not)
=> You _______________________________ pictures. (must not take)
34. It isn’t necessary to feed the cats. I’ve already fed them. (have)
=> You ________________________________________ the cats. (don’t have to
feed)
35. It’s prohibited to take pets into the museum. (not)
=> You ____________________________________ into the museum. (must not
take pets)
36. It isn’t necessary to change the sheets. I’ll do it tomorrow. (need)
=> You _____________________________________________ the sheets. (don’t
need to change)
37. Students aren’t allowed to leave the dormitory after 11 p.m. (not)
=> Students ____________________________________ after 11 p.m. (mustn’t/can
not leave the dormitory)
38. Kindergarden students needn’t wear school uniforms. (have)
=> Kindergarden students ______________________________ school uniforms.
(don’t have to wear)
Teacher in Charge: Nguyen Duy Xuan
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Tài liệu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi Tiếng Anh
PRACTICE ON MODAL VERBS IN THE PAST
1. I’m sure it was Tom who cleared everything up. => Tom must …
(DH NN Ha Noi – Khoi D – chuyen ban 97-98, P.186)
2. I’m sure he didn’t know that his brother was seriously ill.
=> He couldn’t possibly …
(He couldn’t possibly have known that his brother was seriously ill.) (Hoc Vien
QHQT – Khoi D 97-98, P.294)
3. It was careless of you to leave the windows open last night.
=> You should not …
(You should not have left the windows open last night.) (CDSP Ha Noi – P.330)
4. I’m sure she didn’t do it on purpose. => She can’t …
(She can’t have done it on purpose.) (DH An Giang – 97-98, P.10)
5. Diane was supposed to write to her parents last week. (ought)
=> Diane …………………………………………………………
(ought to have written) to her parents last week. (BTTH TA 10 – P.104)
6. Maybe Mathew forgot all about it. => Mathew might …
(have forgotten all about it.) (BTTA 12 – P.157)
7. I had the chance to do a parachute jump, but I was too scared.
=> I could …
(have done a parachute jump, but I was too scared.) (BTTA 12 – P.157)
8. I’m absolutely sure that they weren’t playing in this weather.
=> They can’t …
(have (possibly) have been playing in this weather.) (BTTA 12 – P.157)
9. It wasn’t necessary for you to go to so much trouble on my behalf. (BTTA 12 –
P.157)
=> You needn’t … (have gone to so much trouble on my behalf.)
10. Jean’s boss was extremely kind to her. => Jean’s boss couldn’t …
(have been kinder.) (BD HSG TA 11 – P.21)
11. Our worrying so much was a waste of time. => We needn’t …
(have worried so much.- We didn’t need to worry so much) (BD HSG TA 11 –
P.21)
12. It is just not possible for the cat to have opened the fridge!
=> The cat …
(can’t have opened the fridge.) (BD HSG TA 11 – P.21)
13. It would have been possible for Helen to give us a lift. => Helen …
(might have given us a lift.) (BD HSG TA 11 – P.21)
14. School uniform wasn’t compulsory at my school. => We …
(didn’t have/need to wear uniform at my school.) (BD HSG TA 11 – P.21)
15. His efforts to find a solution didn’t deserve such savage criticism.
=> He shouldn’t …
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(have been so savagely criticized for his efforts to find a solution. => style +
modal verb + passive voice) (Nỗ lực tìm kiếm giải pháp của anh ta không đáng bị
phê bình gay gắt như vậy.) (BD HSG TA 11 – P.68)
16. Perhaps I didn't get a better job because I didn't study hard enough.
=> I might ..................................................................................................
(have got a better job if I had studied hard enough) (De TSDH 2002)
17. Martin needn’t have paid for all our tickets. (BD HSG TA 11 – P.156)
=> It … (wasn’t necessary for Martin to pay for all our tickets)
(Compare: It isn’t necessary for you to do that. => You needn’t do/ don’t need to
do/don’t have to do that.)
18. It’s impossible for them to have found him in that jungle.
=> He …
(can’t have been found in that jungle/ is impossible to have been found in that
jungle.) (BD HSG TA 12 – P.72)
19. It was wrong of you to scare your mother like that.
=> You oughtn’t …
(to have scared your mother like that. (BD HSG TA 12 – P.98)
20. I’m afraid there may be something missing from your report. (OVERLOOKED)
=> …
(I’m afraid you may have overlooked something from your report.) (BD HSG
TA 12 – P.139)
- Missing (a): sót lại, thiếu
- Overlook St: Bỏ sót thứ gì đó
21. I think it was a mistake to lend your car to Joe. (SHOULD)
=> I don’t think ……………………………………… your car to Joe.
(I don’t think you should have lent your car to Joe. (CAE-3)
- Lend Sb St Lend St to Sb: cho ai mượn, vay …
22. It was impossible to predict all the problems that we faced when we built our own
house. (PREDICTED)
=> Nobody could …………………………………………… face so many problems
when we built our own house.
(Nobody could have predicted we would/were going to face so many problems
when we built our own house.)
(Có lẽ không ai có đoán trước được chúng ta sẽ gặp phải nhiều vấn đề như thế khi
xây nhà của mình) (CAE - 4)
23. You couldn’t have seen Mary in the park. => It …
(It couldn’t have been Mary (who/whom/that) you saw in the park.)
24. He must have spent a small fortune renovating that told house.
=> It must ...
(It must have cost him a small fortune to renovate that old house.)
25. It’s possible that the building was burgled after midnight. may
=> The building ……………………………….. after midnight.
(The building ….. may have been burgled ….. after midnight.)
Teacher in Charge: Nguyen Duy Xuan
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Tài liệu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi Tiếng Anh
26. It wasn’t necessary to meet me at the airport yesterday. needn’t
=> You ………………………………………………… me at the airport yesterday.
(You ……needn’t have met… me at the airport yesterday.)
27. It was unkind of you to talk to her like that. not => You
…………………………………..… to her like that.
(You …should not have talked… to her like that.)
28. Perhaps he hasn’t received the doctor’s results yet. may => He
……………………….. the doctor’s results yet.
(He ..may not have received.. the doctor’s results yet.)
29. It is likely that they have already left. may
=> They
…………………………………………….... left.
(They ……may have already.. left.)
30. I’m sure he took the cheque-book with him. must => He
…………………………... the cheque-book with him.
(He …must have taken.. the cheque-book with him.)
31. It’s possible that she didn’t understand what I had said. might
=> She ………………………………………………………. what I had said.
(She ……. might not have understood…… what I had said.)
32. She is certain to have heard about it on the news. must
=> She ___________________________________ about it on the news.
(She __must have heard__ about it on the news.)
33. You can’t vote unless you are over eighteen. must => You
……………………………………………. to vote.
(You …… must be over eighteen …… to vote.)
34. I doubt very much that you saw Carla at the party as she’s in Scotland at the
moment. can’t
=> You __________________________________ Carla at the party as she’s in
Scotland at the moment.
(You ____cannot have seen ___ Carla at the party as she’s in Scotland at the
moment.)
35. It was wrong of you to steal those apples from Mrs Brown’s garden. should
=> You ____________________________________ those apples from Mrs Brown’s
garden.
(You___ should not have stolen __ those apples from Mrs Brown’s garden.)
36 The thief ran right past you so I’m sure you saw his face. must
=> The thief ran right past you so ……………………………………………………
his face.
(The thief ran right past you so ……you must | have seen…… his face.)
37. It’s possible that they didn’t get the message in time. might
=> They ____________________________________________ the message in time.
(They ___might not have got __ the message in time.)
38. I went to the office then remembered it was my day off. HAVE
=> I ............................................... to the office as it was my day off.
Teacher in Charge: Nguyen Duy Xuan
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Tài liệu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi Tiếng Anh
(need not have gone/ needn't have gone)
39. Perhaps we missed the correct turning. MIGHT =>
We ............................................... the correct turning.
(might have missed/might've missed)
40. We got a table at the restaurant without a reservation. NEED
=> We ................................................ book a table at the restaurant.
(did not need to/didn't need to)
41. You were expected to answer all the questions on the exam paper. ANSWERED
=> You ..................................................................... all the questions on the
examination paper.
(should have answered/should've answered)
42. I'm sure it was Ana I saw in town as I recognised her coat. MUST
=> It ........................................ Ana I saw in town as I recognised her coat.
(must have been)
43. I positively know they haven't accepted the raise.
=> They can't ___________________________________
(They can’t have accepted the raise.)
44. Maybe John has not remembered about tonight’s party. COULD
=> I suppose John …………………………………………… about tonight’s party.
(could have forgotten)
45. We booked seats but it was not necessary because there was plenty of room.
BOOKED
=> We …………………………………………………… seats because there was
plenty of room.
(needn’t/need not have booked)
46. Marcin didn't come to the meeting yesterday. Perhaps he was ill. might
=> Marcin …………………………………… yesterday.
(Marcin might have been ill yesterday.)
47. I took a jumper but it wasn't necessary. taken => I
………………………………………………… a jumper.
(I needn’t have taken a jumper.)
48. I'm sure he was at home last night. must => He must have been at home last
night.
49. Maurice didn't come to the meeting yesterday. Perhaps he was ill. might
=> Maurice …………………………………………… yesterday. (Maurice might
have been ill yesterday.)
50.I took a sweater but it wasn't necessary. taken => I
……………………………………………… a sweater.
(I needn’t have taken a sweater.)
Teacher in Charge: Nguyen Duy Xuan
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Tài liệu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi Tiếng Anh
CHUYÊN ĐỀ 2: BỒI DƯỠNG KIẾN THỨC NÂNG CAO
VỀ CÁC VẤN ĐỀ RÚT GỌN MỆNH ĐỀ
Reducing Problem:
PHẦN A - CÁC DẠNG RÚT GỌN MỆNH ĐỀ
A - RÚT GỌN MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ
Mệnh đề quan hệ có thể được rút gọn thành 6 dạng: Hiện tại phân từ (Present
Participle), Qúa khứ phân từ (Past Participle), Động từ nguyên thể (To Infinitive),
Cụm đồng cách danh từ (Noun Phrase), Cụm giới từ (Preposition Phrase), và Tính từ
ghép (Compound Adjective).
1. Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ dưới dạng phân từ hiện tại (Present Participle V.ing)
Khi động từ (V) trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở thể chủ động, ta rút gọn bằng cách
bỏ bỏ đại từ quan hệ và chuyển chuyển động từ về dạng V.ing.
Ví dụ:
- You should take care of the things which belong to you.
=> You should take care of the things belonging to you.
- The fans who want to meet their idol are waiting at the station.
=> The fans wanting to meet their idol are waiting at the station.
Nếu động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở thì tiếp diễn thì bỏ đại từ quan hệ và
động từ To be, giữ nguyên V.ing.
Ví dụ:
- The man who is giving a speech on the stage is our new teacher.
=> The man giving a speech on the stage is our new teacher.
- The doctors who are working in this hospital are from England.
=> The doctors working in this hospital are from England.
2. Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ thành cụm quá khứ phân từ (Past Participle thường được viết dưới dạng: V3/Vp2/Vpp/V.ed)
Khi động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở dạng bị động, ta rút gọn bằng cách bỏ đại
từ quan hệ và động từ “To be”, giữ lại quá khứ phân từ.
Ví dụ:
- The picture which was stolen last month has just been found.
=> The picture stolen last month has just been found.
- The boy who was punished by his father cried bitterly.
=> The boy punished by his father cried bitterly.
3. Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ thành cụm động từ nguyên thể (To Infinitive)
Ta thường sử dụng động từ nguyên thể to infinitive để rút gọn một mệnh đề
quan hệ khi chúng đứng sau cụm danh từ có số thứ tự, hình thức so sánh hơn nhất,
hay khi mệnh để quan hệ đó được dùng để chỉ mục đích, nghĩa vụ dù cho động từ ở
mệnh đề ở dạng chủ động hay bị động.
Teacher in Charge: Nguyen Duy Xuan
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Tài liệu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi Tiếng Anh
a. Rút gọn về dạng động từ nguyên thể “To Infinitive”
Ta rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ về dạng To Infinitive khi trước nó là cụm danh từ
bắt đầu bằng số thứ tự, hay hình thức so sánh hơn nhất của tính từ
Ví dụ:
- Tom was the last men that left the party.
=> Tom was the last men to leave the party.
- Minh was the most intelligent person that could answer the question.
=> Minh was the most intelligent person to answer the question.
Ta rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ về dạng To Infinitive khi mệnh đề quan hệ theo
sau chỉ mục đích, nghĩa vụ - thường có các động từ want, need, và các động từ khuyết
thiếu khác như can, could, have to, must, should, …
Ví dụ:
- He bought some books which he could read during his vacation.
=> He bought some books to read during his vacation.
- I have many homework that I must do.
=> I have many homework to do.
*. GHI NHỚ:
Khi rút gọn mệnh đề về dạng To Infinitive này có hai điểm cần nhớ sau đây:
(1) - Nếu chủ từ hai mệnh đề khác nhau thì thêm cụm “ for somebody ” trước To
Infinitive.
Ví dụ:
- We have some picture books that the children can read.
=>We have some picture books for the children to read.
Tuy nhiên nếu chủ từ đó là các từ có nghĩa chung chung như everyone,
people, .... thì có thể bỏ đi
Ví dụ:
- Studying abroad is the wonderful thing that they must think about.
=> Studying abroad is the wonderful thing to think about.
Nếu trước đại từ quan hệ có giới từ thì phải đưa về cuối câu. (đây là lỗi
dễ sai nhất khi làm bài).
Ví dụ:
- We have a peg on which we can hang our coat.
=> We have a peg to hang our coat on.
- He wants to buy a big garden in which his children can play.
=>He wants to buy a big garden for his children to play in
b. Rút gọn về dạng nguyên thể bị động “To Be + V.p2”
Ta rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ về dạng To Be + V.p2 khi trước nó là cụm danh từ
bắt đầu bằng số thứ tự, hình thức so sánh hơn nhất của tính từ và động từ trong mệnh
đề quan hệ ở dạng bị động.
Ví dụ:
- That was the fifth man who was killed in this month.
=> That was the fifth man to be killed in this month
- There are six letters which have to be written today.
=> There are six letters to be written today.
Teacher in Charge: Nguyen Duy Xuan
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Tài liệu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi Tiếng Anh
4. Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ bằng cách sử dụng cụm đồng cách danh từ
Ta có thể rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ về dạng cụm đồng cách danh từ khi mệnh
đề quan hệ có cấu trúc sau đây:
… N + Who/That/Which + V + N/N.P …
( trong đó: N - danh từ; N.P - cụm danh từ)
Ví dụ:
- Bangkok, which is the capital of Thailand, is very beautiful.
=> Bangkok, the capital of Thailand, is very beautiful.
- My uncle, who is an engineer, lives in Hochiminh city.
=> My uncle, an engineer, lives in HCM city.
- Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for health.
=> Football, a popular sport, is very good for health.
5. Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ bằng cách sử dụng cụm giới từ
Ngoài ra, ta còn có thể rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ về dạng cụm giới từ khi mệnh
đề quan hệ có cấu trúc sau đây:
… N + Who/That/Which + V + Prep.Phrase (cụm giới từ)
Ví dụ:
- The students who study in this school have to wear uniforms.
=> The students in this school have to wear uniforms.
- The workers who work in that company are on strike now.
=> The workers in that company are on strike now.
- Do you like the book which is on the table?
=> Do you like the book on the table?
- The bag which is on the table is Mr Spring's.
=> The bag on the table is Mr Spring's.
6. Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ bằng cách sử dụng cụm tính từ ghép
Đây là dạng khá hay của phần rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ mà ít ai để ý đến.
Cách làm dạng này như sau: tìm trong mệnh đề một số đếm và danh từ đi sau nó, sau
đó ta để chúng kế nhau và thêm dấu gạch nối ở giữa. Đem tính từ ghép đó ra
trước danh từ đứng truớc who,which, ... các phần còn lại bỏ hết.
Lưu ý:
Danh từ ở phần tính từ ghép không được để ở dạng số nhiều (thêm S/ES) .
Chỉ dùng được dạng này khi mệnh để tính từ có số đếm
Dùng gạch nối ngăn cách giữa số đếm và danh từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ.
Ví dụ:
- I have a car which has four seats => I have a fourseat car.
- I had a holiday which lasted two days. => I had a twoday holiday.
Do Drive thay đổi chính sách, nên một số link cũ yêu cầu duyệt download. các bạn chỉ cần làm theo hướng dẫn.
Password giải nén nếu cần: ket-noi.com | Bấm trực tiếp vào Link để tải:
"Tài liệu chuyên sâu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi tiếng anh"
NGỮ PHÁP CHUYÊN SÂU BỒI DƯỠNG HỌC SINH GIỎI TIẾNG ANH
Tài liệu không trình bày lại kiến thức cơ bản mà tập trung vào việc nêu lên các
phần kiến thức nâng cao và BT ứng dụng liên quan tới 20 chuyên đề chính, tập trung
nhiều vào các vấn đề hay và khó thường gặp trong các đề thi. Các câu hỏi hay và khó
đều có đáp án, giải thích chi tiết và đặc biệt là có ghi chú nguồn gốc của tài liệu tham
khảo của mỗi câu ở phần đáp án.
CD1: Modal Verbs
CD2: Reducing a clause
CD3: Passive Voice
CD4: Subjunctives and Unreal Tenses
CD5: Clauses of Concession and Reason
CD6: Tenses
CD7: Conditions
CD8: Comparisons
CD9: Styles
CD10: Noun Clauses
CD11 : V.ing/ Infinitives
CD12: Paired Conjunctions
CD13: Relative Clauses
CD14: Inversions
CD15: So … that/ Such … that
CD16: Cleft Sentences
CD17: Phrasal Verbs
CD18: Idioms
CD19: Reported Speech
CD20: Others
6 Quà tặng miễn phí kèm theo:
50 đề thi HSG lớp 9
Tuyển tập đề thi HSG lớp 10
60 Đề thi HSG lớp 11
50 Đề thi HSG lớp 12
120 Đề Ôn thi THPT Quốc gia
Bộ sưu tập các cụm động từ và thành ngữ hay gặp trong các đề thi
Lưu ý tìm tải cả file đính kèm để có đầy đủ tài liệu qùa tặng. Ngoài file chính này
ở dạng word là tập hợp của tất cả 20 chuyên đề với số lượng trang khá lớn, từng
chuyên đề còn có cả từng file word riêng lẻ trong file đính kèm của quà tặng để
bạn đọc tiện sử dụng.
Teacher in Charge: Nguyen Duy Xuan
[email protected] – Tel: 0984095430-0912619209
Tài liệu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi Tiếng Anh
CHUYÊN ĐỀ 1: BỒI DƯỠNG KIẾN THỨC NÂNG CAO VỀ ĐỘNG TỪ KHUYẾT
THIẾU
MODAL VERBS
I. Some Common Modal Verbs
1. Must/ Have to
- Must: phải => diễn tả sự cần thiết, bắt buộc (mang tính cá nhân); chắc hản => diễn
tả sự suy luận logic ở ht
E.g. - She’s a really nice person. You must meet her. (= I say this is necessary)
Cô ấy là một người thật sự tốt. Anh phải gặp cô ấy. (= tui nói điều đó là cần
thiết)
- I haven’t phoned Ann for ages. I must phone her tonight.
Đã lâu rồi tui không gọi điện thoại cho Ann. tui phải gọi cho cô ấy tối nay.
- You must be worried that she is so late coming home.
Chắc hẳn bạn phải e sợ lắm vì cô ấy về nhà trễ thế này.
- The grass is wet. It must be raining.
- You must be hungry. You haven't eaten anything all day.
(Opposite: - You can't be hungry. You've just eaten.)
- Have to: phải => diễn tả sự bắt buộc không mang tính chất cá nhân, thường nói về
quy định, luật lệ, hoàn cảnh khách quan. Have to không phải là trợ động từ nhưng có
nghĩa giống như trợ động từ Must.
E.g. - You can’t turn right here. You have to turn left. (because of the traffic
system)
Anh không thể rẽ phải ở đây. Anh phải rẽ trái. (do luật giao thông)
- My eye sight isn’t very good. I have to wear glasses for reading.
Thị lực của tui không được tốt. tui phải đeo kính để đọc sách. (do hoàn cảnh
thực tế)
- George can’t come out with us this evening. He has to work.
George không thể đi với chúng ta tối nay. Anh ấy phải làm việc.
- Mustn’t và don’t have to là hoàn toàn khác nhau.
+ Mustn’t do St: không được (phép) làm gì
E.g. - You must keep it a secret. You mustn’t tell anyone. (=don’t tell anyone)
Bạn phải giữ điều đó bí mật nhé. Bạn không được nói với bất cứ ai.
+ Don’t have to do St: không cần thiết phải làm điều đó (nhưng có thể làm nếu bạn
muốn).
E.g. - You can tell me if you want but you don’t have to tell me (= you don’t need
to tell me)
Bạn có thể kể với tui nếu bạn muốn nhưng bạn không bắt buộc phải nói với tôi. (=
bạn không cần nói với tôi)
I’m not working tomorrow, so I don’t have to get up early.
Sáng mai tui không làm việc, vì vậy tui không phải dậy sớm.
2. Need (cần)
- Need: được sử dụng như một động từ thường
Teacher in Charge: Nguyen Duy Xuan
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+ Need to do St: nếu chủ ngữ là một vật thể sống => cần …
E.g. - He will need to drive home alone tonight.
- John needs to paint his house.
+ Need doing St/ Need to be done: nếu chủ ngữ không phải là vật thể sống (=
Want/Require + V.ing => nhưng ít dùng)
E.g. - The grass needs cutting. (= The grass needs to be cut.)
- The television needs repairing. (The television needs to be repaired.)
- Your essays need rewriting. (Your essays need to be rewritten.)
- Need: được sử dụng như một trợ động từ trong thể phủ định, nghi vấn ở thời hiện tại
(không có s ở ngôi 3 số ít)
E.g. - We needn’t reserve seats – There will be plenty of rooms.
- Needn’t là hình thức phủ định của Must (vì Mustn’t có nghĩa là không được phép)
E.g.
You needn’t apply for a visa to visit France if you hold a EU passport, but if you are
not an EU citizen, you mustn’t unless you have a visa.
3. Can: Có thể => chỉ khả năng của con người, gợi ý, …
E.g. - I can swim.
- Can I Giúp you?
4. Could: Có thể => chỉ khả năng của con người trong quá khứ, hỏi đường, yêu
cầu lịch sự …
E.g. - When I was young, I could swim very well.
- Could you tell me the way to the nearest post office, please?
- Could you close the windows, please?
5. May: Có thể => chỉ khả năng của sự việc, xin phép, cho phép, …
E.g. - May I go out?
- China may become a major economic power. (TQ có thể trở thành một cường
quốc về kinh tế.)
6. Might: Có thể => chỉ khả năng của sự việc, …
E.g. - We had better phone tomorrow, they might be eating their dinner now.
7. Should/Ought to/ Had better/ Be(ht) supposed to: nên => chỉ sự khuyên bảo …
E.g. - I think we should check everything again.
*. Should: ngoài ra should còn dùng để diễn tả điều gì đó ở hiện tại không như mong
đợi.
E.g. - The price on this packet is wrong. It says 65 cents but It should be 50.
(giá ghi trên gói hàng này không đúng Nó ghi 65 xu nhưng đáng lẽ chỉ là 50 xu thôi).
- The train should be here now. (Đáng lẽ giờ này tàu phải đến đây rồi.)
*. If… should: nếu mà … => ít chắc chắn
E.g. - If you should see Tom this evening, can you tell him to phone me?
(Nếu tối nay gặp bạn Tom, bạn có thể bảo anh ta gọi điện thoại cho tui được
không?).
Câu này cũng tương tự như câu “If you see Tom “(Nếu bạn gặp Tom) (không có
should). Với should người nói ít chắc chắn (less certain) hơn:
- If it should rain, can you bring in the washing from the garden?
Teacher in Charge: Nguyen Duy Xuan
[email protected] – Tel: 0984095430-0912619209
Tài liệu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi Tiếng Anh
(Nếu trời mưa, đem đồ đang phơi ngoài vườn vào nhé?)
8. May as well/Might as well: Thôi thì …; => diễn tả một việc gì đó nên làm vì
không còn gì khác tốt hơn thế
E.g. - You’ll have to wait an hour for the next bus, so you might as well walk.
(Bạn phải đợi một tiếng mới có chuyến xe buýt kế tiếp, thôi thì bạn đi bộ cho
rồi).
- We may as well go to the party. We’re nothing else to do.
(Thôi thì chúng ta đi dự tiệc vậy. Chúng ta không còn việc gì khác để làm cả).
- ‘’Shall we have dinner now?’’ ‘’We might as well’’. (Chúng ta sẽ ăn tối bây
giờ chứ? ‘’Cũng được thôi’’)
9. Would like: muốn => diễn tả lời mời hay mong muốn
E.g. - Would you like to dance with me?
- I would like to visit Thailand.
II. Modal Verbs in the Past
1. Must have + V(p2): chắc chắn là đã, chắc hẳn là đã, chắc chắn phải => suy
luận về quá khứ mà người nói biết chắc chắn 100%.
E.g. - It must have rained heavily last night. Everything is wet.
- Hoa should have arrived by now, she must have missed the bus.
- Jane did very well on the exam. She must have studied hard.
- I didn’t hear you knock, I must have been gardening behind the house.
2. Should(n’t)/Ought(n’t) to + have + V(p2): Lẽ ra (không) nên => Diễn tả điều
gì đó nên làm trong qk nhưng đã không làm => thường thể hiện sự núi tiếc, ân
hận của người nói
E.g. - He failed his exams. He should have studied harder.
- You oughtn’t have bought a second-hand car. It cost you a lot of money to
have it repaired.
3. Can’t + have + V(p2): Chắc chắn không thể … => Diễn tả điều gì đó không
thể xảy ra vì người nói biết chắc chắn.
E.g. - It can’t have been John you saw yesterday. He came to Paris last week.
4. Couldn’t + have + V(p2): Lẽ ra có/không thể … => Diễn tả khả năng của sự
việc trong quá khứ nhưng không thực hiện được, hay sự việc có thể đã xảy ra
trong qk nhưng người nói không chắc chắn lắm.
E.g. - David could have won the race if he had tried. (Lẽ ra David có thể thắng cuộc
…)
- It could have been Sue, I suppose. (Đó có thể là Sue, tui nghĩ thế => không
chắc chắn)
- Why did you stay at a hotel when you went to New York? You could have
stayed with Barbara. (= you had the opportunity to stay with her but you didn't)
(Tại sao bạn lại ở khách sạn khi bạn đến New York? Bạn có thể ở với Barbara cơ mà.
(=bạn đã có cơ hội ở với cô ấy nhưng bạn không thực hiện)
Teacher in Charge: Nguyen Duy Xuan
[email protected] – Tel: 0984095430-0912619209
Tài liệu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi Tiếng Anh
- Jack fell off a ladder yesterday but he’s all right. He’s lucky - he could have
hurt himself badly. (but he didn't hurt himself)
(Ngày hôm qua Jack đã ngã xuống từ một cái thang nhưng anh ấy không hề gì. Anh
ấy thật may mắn - anh ấy lẽ ra đã bị thương rất nặng. (nhưng anh ấy đã không bị
thương gì hết)
- The situation was bad but it could have been worse. Tình hình là xấu nhưng
nó đã có thể tồi tệ hơn nhiều.
- The cause of death could have been bacteria.
5. May/Might + have + V(p2): Có thể đã … => Diễn tả khả năng của sự việc
trong quá khứ nhưng không chắc chắn lắm.
E.g. - It may have rained last night, but I’m not sure.
- I didn’t hear the telephone ring, I might heave been sleeping at that time.
(compare past continuous)
- Ben might have gone to the movies yesterday.
6. Needn’t + have + V(p2): lẽ ra không cần … => Diễn tả điều gì đó không cần
phải làm trong quá khứ nhưng đã làm vì không biết trước. Bây giờ mới biết là
điều đó không cần thiết.
E.g. - It didn’t rain. He needn’t have brought the umbrella. (He brought it. He didn’t
know whether it rained or not.)
*. Needn’t have done St (lẽ ra không cần: vì không biết trước nên đã thực hiện)
and Didn’t need to do St (không cần thiết phải: biết trước sự việc ngay từ đầu và đã
không thực hiện…)
E.g. - I didn’t get up early, so I didn’t.
Teacher in Charge: Nguyen Duy Xuan
[email protected] – Tel: 0984095430-0912619209
Tài liệu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi Tiếng Anh
PRACITCE ON MODAL VERBS IN THE PRESENT
1. I advise you to put your money in the bank. => You’d …
2. Excuse me! I’d like some information about the English summer course, please.
=> Could you …
3. John offered to carry Jane’s case for her. => “Would you like ….”
4. The motor in this machine needs cleaning once a week. (has)
=> The motor in this machine ……………………. once a week.
5. I’d like to invite you to luch. => Will you
………………………………………………………………….?
6. It’s possible Louise is waiting for us at the airport. => Louise may …
7. It is not necessary for anyone to know who paid the ransom to the kidnappers.
=> No one need …
8. It may be necessary for us to cancel our holiday because my mother is ill.
=> We may …
9. He is very likely to come. (probability) => …
10. It’d be a good idea for you to come with us next Sunday. ought
=> Next Sunday ………………………………………. with us.
11. Photography is not allowed in the museums. photographs
=> You ………………………….. in the museum.
12. There’s no need for you to do any work if you don’t feel like it. have
=> If you don’t feel like it …………………………… do any work.
13. It isn’t always necessary to be a member of the club. need
=> You ……………………...... be a member of the club.
14. She was not certain about the trip. decide
=> She
…………………………………….. about the trip.
15. A heavy shower prevented them from finishing their game of tennis.
=> They were …
16. He couldn't swim until he was in his twenties. ABLE
=> He ................................................. until he was in his twenties.
17. Perhaps he’s working late. may => He ……may be working…. late.
18. Mother told Tom that he had to go to bed early. must => ‘You to ………...……
bed early,’ Mother told Tom.
19. They will expect you to wear a suit for the interview. HAVE
=> You ................................................ a suit for the interview.
20. I'd see a doctor if I were you. OUGHT => You
………………….................................................. a doctor.
21. Could you speak English when you were younger? ABLE
=> When you were younger, …………………………………………………. speak
English?
22. I think it’s time the children went to bed now. HAD
=> I think the children ………………………………………………… to bed now.
23. I am sure Maria finds reading interesting because she has lots of books. MUST
Teacher in Charge: Nguyen Duy Xuan
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=> Maria ……………………………………………………… reading because she
has lots of books.
24.Do you happen to know the time of the next train to London? COULD
=> I wonder ………………………………………………. me the time of the next
train to London?
25. I think Roman needs to see a doctor. His cough is terrible. ought
=> With that terrible cough, Roman …………………………………… a doctor.
26."Why don't you take a day off?" asked Magda. should
=> Magda suggested
……………………… a day off.
27. George knew how to ride a bicycle when he was five. => George was …
28. I wanted to go to the party, but it was snowing hard. => I couldn’t …
(Note: If it hadn’t been snowing hard, I could have gone to the party.)
29. If I were you, I wouldn’t tell anybody about the discovery.
=> You had …
30. Jerry had terrible problems with solving the riddle. (hardly) => Jerry could …
31. Isn’t it high time you greased the hinges? (need) => …
32. You should take an umbrella with you. BETTER
=> You ................................................ an umbrella with you.
33. It’s forbidden to take pictures. (not)
=> You _______________________________ pictures.
34. It isn’t necessary to feed the cats. I’ve already fed them. (have)
=> You ________________________________________ the cats.
35. It’s prohibited to take pets into the museum. (not)
=> You ____________________________________ into the museum.
36. It isn’t necessary to change the sheets. I’ll do it tomorrow. (need)
=> You _____________________________________________ the sheets.
37. Students aren’t allowed to leave the dormitory after 11 p.m. (not)
=> Students ____________________________________ after 11 p.m.
38. Kindergarden students needn’t wear school uniforms. (have)
=> Kindergarden students ______________________________ school uniforms.
Teacher in Charge: Nguyen Duy Xuan
[email protected] – Tel: 0984095430-0912619209
Tài liệu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi Tiếng Anh
PRACTICE ON MODAL VERBS IN THE PAST
1. I’m sure it was Tom who cleared everything up. => Tom must …
2. I’m sure he didn’t know that his brother was seriously ill.
=> He couldn’t possibly …
3. It was careless of you to leave the windows open last night.
=> You should not …
4. I’m sure she didn’t do it on purpose. => She can’t …
5. Diane was supposed to write to her parents last week. (ought)
=> Diane …………………………………………………………
6. Maybe Mathew forgot all about it. => Mathew might …
7. I had the chance to do a parachute jump, but I was too scared.
=> I could …
8. I’m absolutely sure that they weren’t playing in this weather.
=> They can’t …
9. It wasn’t necessary for you to go to so much trouble on my behalf.
=> You needn’t …
10. Jean’s boss was extremely kind to her. => Jean’s boss couldn’t …
11. Our worrying so much was a waste of time. => We needn’t …
12. It is just not possible for the cat to have opened the fridge!
=> The cat …
13. It would have been possible for Helen to give us a lift. => Helen …
14. School uniform wasn’t compulsory at my school. => We …
15. His efforts to find a solution didn’t deserve such savage criticism.
=> He shouldn’t …
16. Perhaps I didn't get a better job because I didn't study hard enough.
=> I might ..................................................................................................
17. Martin needn’t have paid for all our tickets. => It …
18. It’s impossible for them to have found him in that jungle.
=> He …
19. It was wrong of you to scare your mother like that. => You oughtn’t …
20. I’m afraid there may be something missing from your report. (OVERLOOKED)
=> …
21. I think it was a mistake to lend your car to Joe. (SHOULD)
=> I don’t think ……………………………………… your car to Joe.
22. It was impossible to predict all the problems that we faced when we built our own
house. (PREDICTED)
=> Nobody could …………………………………………… face so many problems
when we built our own house.
23. You couldn’t have seen Mary in the park. => It …
24. He must have spent a small fortune renovating that told house.
=> It must ...
Teacher in Charge: Nguyen Duy Xuan
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Tài liệu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi Tiếng Anh
25. It’s possible that the building was burgled after midnight. may
=> The building ……………………………….. after midnight.
26. It wasn’t necessary to meet me at the airport yesterday. needn’t
=> You ………………………………………………… me at the airport yesterday.
27. It was unkind of you to talk to her like that. not => You
…………………………………..… to her like that.
28. Perhaps he hasn’t received the doctor’s results yet. may => He
……………………….. the doctor’s results yet.
29. It is likely that they have already left. may
=> They
…………………………………………….... left.
30. I’m sure he took the cheque-book with him. must => He
…………………………... the cheque-book with him.
31. It’s possible that she didn’t understand what I had said. might
=> She ………………………………………………………. what I had said.
32. She is certain to have heard about it on the news. must
=> She ___________________________________ about it on the news.
33. You can’t vote unless you are over eighteen. must => You
……………………………………………. to vote.
34. I doubt very much that you saw Carla at the party as she’s in Scotland at the
moment. can’t
=> You __________________________________ Carla at the party as she’s in
Scotland at the moment.
35. It was wrong of you to steal those apples from Mrs Brown’s garden. should
=> You ____________________________________ those apples from Mrs Brown’s
garden.
36 The thief ran right past you so I’m sure you saw his face. must
=> The thief ran right past you so ……………………………………………………
his face.
37. It’s possible that they didn’t get the message in time. might
=> They ____________________________________________ the message in time.
38. I went to the office then remembered it was my day off. HAVE
=> I ............................................... to the office as it was my day off.
39. Perhaps we missed the correct turning. MIGHT =>
We ............................................... the correct turning.
40. We got a table at the restaurant without a reservation. NEED
=> We ................................................ book a table at the restaurant.
41. You were expected to answer all the questions on the exam paper. ANSWERED
=> You ..................................................................... all the questions on the
examination paper.
42. I'm sure it was Ana I saw in town as I recognised her coat. MUST
=> It ........................................ Ana I saw in town as I recognised her coat.
43. I positively know they haven't accepted the raise.
=> They can't ___________________________________
Teacher in Charge: Nguyen Duy Xuan
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44. Maybe John has not remembered about tonight’s party. COULD
=> I suppose John …………………………………………… about tonight’s party.
45. We booked seats but it was not necessary because there was plenty of room.
BOOKED
=> We …………………………………………………… seats because there was
plenty of room.
46. Marcin didn't come to the meeting yesterday. Perhaps he was ill. might
=> Marcin …………………………………… yesterday.
47. I took a jumper but it wasn't necessary. taken => I
………………………………………………… a jumper.
48. I'm sure he was at home last night. must =>
He……………………………………………………… at home last night.
49. Maurice didn't come to the meeting yesterday. Perhaps he was ill. might
=> Maurice …………………………………………… yesterday.
50.I took a sweater but it wasn't necessary. taken => I
……………………………………………… a sweater.
Teacher in Charge: Nguyen Duy Xuan
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Tài liệu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi Tiếng Anh
ANSWER KEY
PRACITCE ON MODAL VERBS IN THE PRESENT
1. I advise you to put your money in the bank. => You’d …
(DH QG TP.HCM – Khoi D – chuyen ban 97-98, P.238)
2. Excuse me! I’d like some information about the English summer course, please.
=> Could you …
(Could you tell me some information about the English summer course, please?) (DH
Vinh – 2001-2002, P.91)
3. John offered to carry Jane’s case for her. => “Would you like ….” (“Would you
like me to carry your case, Jane” John said to Jane.) (CDSP Dong Thap – 2001-2002,
P.242)
4. The motor in this machine needs cleaning once a week. (has)
=> The motor in this machine ……………………. once a week.
(has to be cleaned) (BTTH TA10 – P130)
5. I’d like to invite you to luch. => Will you
………………………………………………………………….?
(come to lunch with me?) (BTTH TA 10 – P.56)
6. It’s possible Louise is waiting for us at the airport. => Louise may …
(be waiting for us at the airport.) (BTTA 12 – P.157)
7. It is not necessary for anyone to know who paid the ransom to the kidnappers.
=> No one need …
(know who paid the ransom to the kidnappers.) (BTTA 12 – P.157)
8. It may be necessary for us to cancel our holiday because my mother is ill.
=> We may …
(have to cancel our holiday because my mother is ill.) (it’s necessary => have to,
it may be necessary => may have to) (BTTA 12 – P.157)
9. He is very likely to come. (probability) => …
(In all probability he will come.) (BD HSG TA 11 – P.68) (rất có thể anh ta sẽ đến)
10. It’d be a good idea for you to come with us next Sunday. ought
=> Next Sunday ………………………………………. with us.
(Next Sunday … you ought to come … with us.)
11. Photography is not allowed in the museums. photographs
=> You ………………………….. in the museum.
(You … mustn’t take photographs … in the museum.)
12. There’s no need for you to do any work if you don’t feel like it. have
=> If you don’t feel like it …………………………… do any work.
(If you don’t feel like it … you don’t have to … do any work.)
13. It isn’t always necessary to be a member of the club. need
=> You ……………………...... be a member of the club.
(You … don’t always need to … be a member of the club.)
14. She was not certain about the trip. decide
=> She
…………………………………….. about the trip.
Teacher in Charge: Nguyen Duy Xuan
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Tài liệu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi Tiếng Anh
(She ……could not decide….. about the trip.)
15. A heavy shower prevented them from finishing their game of tennis.
=> They were …
(unable to finish their game of tennis because of a heavy shower./ acceptable
answer: … prevented from finishing their game of tennis because of a heavy
shower.) (BTTA 12 – P.157)
16. He couldn't swim until he was in his twenties. ABLE
=> He ................................................. until he was in his twenties.
(wasn't able to swim/ was not able to swim)
17. Perhaps he’s working late. may => He ……may be working…. late.
(He ……may be working…. late.)
18. Mother told Tom that he had to go to bed early. must => ‘You to ………...……
bed early,’ Mother told Tom.
(‘You to …must go……bed early,’ Mother told Tom.)
19. They will expect you to wear a suit for the interview. HAVE
=> You ................................................ a suit for the interview.
('ll have to wear/will have to wear)
20. I'd see a doctor if I were you. OUGHT => You
………………….................................................. a doctor.
(ought to see)
21. Could you speak English when you were younger? ABLE
=> When you were younger, …………………………………………………. speak
English?
(were you able to)
22. I think it’s time the children went to bed now. HAD
=> I think the children ………………………………………………… to bed now.
(had better go)
23. I am sure Maria finds reading interesting because she has lots of books. MUST
=> Maria ……………………………………………………… reading because she
has lots of books.
(must be interested in/must have an interest in)
24.Do you happen to know the time of the next train to London? COULD
=> I wonder ………………………………………………. me the time of the next
train to London?
(if you could tell)
25. I think Roman needs to see a doctor. His cough is terrible. ought
=> With that terrible cough, Roman …………………………………… a doctor.
(With that terrible cough, Roman ought to see a doctor.)
26."Why don't you take a day off?" asked Magda. should
=> Magda suggested
……………………… a day off.
(Magda suggested I should take a day off.)
27. George knew how to ride a bicycle when he was five. => George was …
Teacher in Charge: Nguyen Duy Xuan
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Tài liệu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi Tiếng Anh
(able to ride a bicycle when he was five. = George could ride a bicycle when he
was five.) (BD HSG TA 11 – P.21)
28. I wanted to go to the party, but it was snowing hard. => I couldn’t …
(go to the party because it was snowing hard.) (BD HSG TA 11 – P.21)
(Note: If it hadn’t been snowing hard, I could have gone to the party.)
29. If I were you, I wouldn’t tell anybody about the discovery.
=> You had …
(You had better not tell anybody about the discovery.)
30. Jerry had terrible problems with solving the riddle. (hardly) => Jerry could …
(Jerry could hardly solve the riddle.)
31. Isn’t it high time you greased the hinges? (need) => …
(Don’t the hinges need greasing/ to be greased?)
32. You should take an umbrella with you. BETTER
=> You ................................................ an umbrella with you. (had better take/ 'd
better take)
33. It’s forbidden to take pictures. (not)
=> You _______________________________ pictures. (must not take)
34. It isn’t necessary to feed the cats. I’ve already fed them. (have)
=> You ________________________________________ the cats. (don’t have to
feed)
35. It’s prohibited to take pets into the museum. (not)
=> You ____________________________________ into the museum. (must not
take pets)
36. It isn’t necessary to change the sheets. I’ll do it tomorrow. (need)
=> You _____________________________________________ the sheets. (don’t
need to change)
37. Students aren’t allowed to leave the dormitory after 11 p.m. (not)
=> Students ____________________________________ after 11 p.m. (mustn’t/can
not leave the dormitory)
38. Kindergarden students needn’t wear school uniforms. (have)
=> Kindergarden students ______________________________ school uniforms.
(don’t have to wear)
Teacher in Charge: Nguyen Duy Xuan
[email protected] – Tel: 0984095430-0912619209
Tài liệu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi Tiếng Anh
PRACTICE ON MODAL VERBS IN THE PAST
1. I’m sure it was Tom who cleared everything up. => Tom must …
(DH NN Ha Noi – Khoi D – chuyen ban 97-98, P.186)
2. I’m sure he didn’t know that his brother was seriously ill.
=> He couldn’t possibly …
(He couldn’t possibly have known that his brother was seriously ill.) (Hoc Vien
QHQT – Khoi D 97-98, P.294)
3. It was careless of you to leave the windows open last night.
=> You should not …
(You should not have left the windows open last night.) (CDSP Ha Noi – P.330)
4. I’m sure she didn’t do it on purpose. => She can’t …
(She can’t have done it on purpose.) (DH An Giang – 97-98, P.10)
5. Diane was supposed to write to her parents last week. (ought)
=> Diane …………………………………………………………
(ought to have written) to her parents last week. (BTTH TA 10 – P.104)
6. Maybe Mathew forgot all about it. => Mathew might …
(have forgotten all about it.) (BTTA 12 – P.157)
7. I had the chance to do a parachute jump, but I was too scared.
=> I could …
(have done a parachute jump, but I was too scared.) (BTTA 12 – P.157)
8. I’m absolutely sure that they weren’t playing in this weather.
=> They can’t …
(have (possibly) have been playing in this weather.) (BTTA 12 – P.157)
9. It wasn’t necessary for you to go to so much trouble on my behalf. (BTTA 12 –
P.157)
=> You needn’t … (have gone to so much trouble on my behalf.)
10. Jean’s boss was extremely kind to her. => Jean’s boss couldn’t …
(have been kinder.) (BD HSG TA 11 – P.21)
11. Our worrying so much was a waste of time. => We needn’t …
(have worried so much.- We didn’t need to worry so much) (BD HSG TA 11 –
P.21)
12. It is just not possible for the cat to have opened the fridge!
=> The cat …
(can’t have opened the fridge.) (BD HSG TA 11 – P.21)
13. It would have been possible for Helen to give us a lift. => Helen …
(might have given us a lift.) (BD HSG TA 11 – P.21)
14. School uniform wasn’t compulsory at my school. => We …
(didn’t have/need to wear uniform at my school.) (BD HSG TA 11 – P.21)
15. His efforts to find a solution didn’t deserve such savage criticism.
=> He shouldn’t …
Teacher in Charge: Nguyen Duy Xuan
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Tài liệu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi Tiếng Anh
(have been so savagely criticized for his efforts to find a solution. => style +
modal verb + passive voice) (Nỗ lực tìm kiếm giải pháp của anh ta không đáng bị
phê bình gay gắt như vậy.) (BD HSG TA 11 – P.68)
16. Perhaps I didn't get a better job because I didn't study hard enough.
=> I might ..................................................................................................
(have got a better job if I had studied hard enough) (De TSDH 2002)
17. Martin needn’t have paid for all our tickets. (BD HSG TA 11 – P.156)
=> It … (wasn’t necessary for Martin to pay for all our tickets)
(Compare: It isn’t necessary for you to do that. => You needn’t do/ don’t need to
do/don’t have to do that.)
18. It’s impossible for them to have found him in that jungle.
=> He …
(can’t have been found in that jungle/ is impossible to have been found in that
jungle.) (BD HSG TA 12 – P.72)
19. It was wrong of you to scare your mother like that.
=> You oughtn’t …
(to have scared your mother like that. (BD HSG TA 12 – P.98)
20. I’m afraid there may be something missing from your report. (OVERLOOKED)
=> …
(I’m afraid you may have overlooked something from your report.) (BD HSG
TA 12 – P.139)
- Missing (a): sót lại, thiếu
- Overlook St: Bỏ sót thứ gì đó
21. I think it was a mistake to lend your car to Joe. (SHOULD)
=> I don’t think ……………………………………… your car to Joe.
(I don’t think you should have lent your car to Joe. (CAE-3)
- Lend Sb St Lend St to Sb: cho ai mượn, vay …
22. It was impossible to predict all the problems that we faced when we built our own
house. (PREDICTED)
=> Nobody could …………………………………………… face so many problems
when we built our own house.
(Nobody could have predicted we would/were going to face so many problems
when we built our own house.)
(Có lẽ không ai có đoán trước được chúng ta sẽ gặp phải nhiều vấn đề như thế khi
xây nhà của mình) (CAE - 4)
23. You couldn’t have seen Mary in the park. => It …
(It couldn’t have been Mary (who/whom/that) you saw in the park.)
24. He must have spent a small fortune renovating that told house.
=> It must ...
(It must have cost him a small fortune to renovate that old house.)
25. It’s possible that the building was burgled after midnight. may
=> The building ……………………………….. after midnight.
(The building ….. may have been burgled ….. after midnight.)
Teacher in Charge: Nguyen Duy Xuan
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Tài liệu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi Tiếng Anh
26. It wasn’t necessary to meet me at the airport yesterday. needn’t
=> You ………………………………………………… me at the airport yesterday.
(You ……needn’t have met… me at the airport yesterday.)
27. It was unkind of you to talk to her like that. not => You
…………………………………..… to her like that.
(You …should not have talked… to her like that.)
28. Perhaps he hasn’t received the doctor’s results yet. may => He
……………………….. the doctor’s results yet.
(He ..may not have received.. the doctor’s results yet.)
29. It is likely that they have already left. may
=> They
…………………………………………….... left.
(They ……may have already.. left.)
30. I’m sure he took the cheque-book with him. must => He
…………………………... the cheque-book with him.
(He …must have taken.. the cheque-book with him.)
31. It’s possible that she didn’t understand what I had said. might
=> She ………………………………………………………. what I had said.
(She ……. might not have understood…… what I had said.)
32. She is certain to have heard about it on the news. must
=> She ___________________________________ about it on the news.
(She __must have heard__ about it on the news.)
33. You can’t vote unless you are over eighteen. must => You
……………………………………………. to vote.
(You …… must be over eighteen …… to vote.)
34. I doubt very much that you saw Carla at the party as she’s in Scotland at the
moment. can’t
=> You __________________________________ Carla at the party as she’s in
Scotland at the moment.
(You ____cannot have seen ___ Carla at the party as she’s in Scotland at the
moment.)
35. It was wrong of you to steal those apples from Mrs Brown’s garden. should
=> You ____________________________________ those apples from Mrs Brown’s
garden.
(You___ should not have stolen __ those apples from Mrs Brown’s garden.)
36 The thief ran right past you so I’m sure you saw his face. must
=> The thief ran right past you so ……………………………………………………
his face.
(The thief ran right past you so ……you must | have seen…… his face.)
37. It’s possible that they didn’t get the message in time. might
=> They ____________________________________________ the message in time.
(They ___might not have got __ the message in time.)
38. I went to the office then remembered it was my day off. HAVE
=> I ............................................... to the office as it was my day off.
Teacher in Charge: Nguyen Duy Xuan
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Tài liệu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi Tiếng Anh
(need not have gone/ needn't have gone)
39. Perhaps we missed the correct turning. MIGHT =>
We ............................................... the correct turning.
(might have missed/might've missed)
40. We got a table at the restaurant without a reservation. NEED
=> We ................................................ book a table at the restaurant.
(did not need to/didn't need to)
41. You were expected to answer all the questions on the exam paper. ANSWERED
=> You ..................................................................... all the questions on the
examination paper.
(should have answered/should've answered)
42. I'm sure it was Ana I saw in town as I recognised her coat. MUST
=> It ........................................ Ana I saw in town as I recognised her coat.
(must have been)
43. I positively know they haven't accepted the raise.
=> They can't ___________________________________
(They can’t have accepted the raise.)
44. Maybe John has not remembered about tonight’s party. COULD
=> I suppose John …………………………………………… about tonight’s party.
(could have forgotten)
45. We booked seats but it was not necessary because there was plenty of room.
BOOKED
=> We …………………………………………………… seats because there was
plenty of room.
(needn’t/need not have booked)
46. Marcin didn't come to the meeting yesterday. Perhaps he was ill. might
=> Marcin …………………………………… yesterday.
(Marcin might have been ill yesterday.)
47. I took a jumper but it wasn't necessary. taken => I
………………………………………………… a jumper.
(I needn’t have taken a jumper.)
48. I'm sure he was at home last night. must => He must have been at home last
night.
49. Maurice didn't come to the meeting yesterday. Perhaps he was ill. might
=> Maurice …………………………………………… yesterday. (Maurice might
have been ill yesterday.)
50.I took a sweater but it wasn't necessary. taken => I
……………………………………………… a sweater.
(I needn’t have taken a sweater.)
Teacher in Charge: Nguyen Duy Xuan
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Tài liệu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi Tiếng Anh
CHUYÊN ĐỀ 2: BỒI DƯỠNG KIẾN THỨC NÂNG CAO
VỀ CÁC VẤN ĐỀ RÚT GỌN MỆNH ĐỀ
Reducing Problem:
PHẦN A - CÁC DẠNG RÚT GỌN MỆNH ĐỀ
A - RÚT GỌN MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ
Mệnh đề quan hệ có thể được rút gọn thành 6 dạng: Hiện tại phân từ (Present
Participle), Qúa khứ phân từ (Past Participle), Động từ nguyên thể (To Infinitive),
Cụm đồng cách danh từ (Noun Phrase), Cụm giới từ (Preposition Phrase), và Tính từ
ghép (Compound Adjective).
1. Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ dưới dạng phân từ hiện tại (Present Participle V.ing)
Khi động từ (V) trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở thể chủ động, ta rút gọn bằng cách
bỏ bỏ đại từ quan hệ và chuyển chuyển động từ về dạng V.ing.
Ví dụ:
- You should take care of the things which belong to you.
=> You should take care of the things belonging to you.
- The fans who want to meet their idol are waiting at the station.
=> The fans wanting to meet their idol are waiting at the station.
Nếu động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở thì tiếp diễn thì bỏ đại từ quan hệ và
động từ To be, giữ nguyên V.ing.
Ví dụ:
- The man who is giving a speech on the stage is our new teacher.
=> The man giving a speech on the stage is our new teacher.
- The doctors who are working in this hospital are from England.
=> The doctors working in this hospital are from England.
2. Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ thành cụm quá khứ phân từ (Past Participle thường được viết dưới dạng: V3/Vp2/Vpp/V.ed)
Khi động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở dạng bị động, ta rút gọn bằng cách bỏ đại
từ quan hệ và động từ “To be”, giữ lại quá khứ phân từ.
Ví dụ:
- The picture which was stolen last month has just been found.
=> The picture stolen last month has just been found.
- The boy who was punished by his father cried bitterly.
=> The boy punished by his father cried bitterly.
3. Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ thành cụm động từ nguyên thể (To Infinitive)
Ta thường sử dụng động từ nguyên thể to infinitive để rút gọn một mệnh đề
quan hệ khi chúng đứng sau cụm danh từ có số thứ tự, hình thức so sánh hơn nhất,
hay khi mệnh để quan hệ đó được dùng để chỉ mục đích, nghĩa vụ dù cho động từ ở
mệnh đề ở dạng chủ động hay bị động.
Teacher in Charge: Nguyen Duy Xuan
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Tài liệu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi Tiếng Anh
a. Rút gọn về dạng động từ nguyên thể “To Infinitive”
Ta rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ về dạng To Infinitive khi trước nó là cụm danh từ
bắt đầu bằng số thứ tự, hay hình thức so sánh hơn nhất của tính từ
Ví dụ:
- Tom was the last men that left the party.
=> Tom was the last men to leave the party.
- Minh was the most intelligent person that could answer the question.
=> Minh was the most intelligent person to answer the question.
Ta rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ về dạng To Infinitive khi mệnh đề quan hệ theo
sau chỉ mục đích, nghĩa vụ - thường có các động từ want, need, và các động từ khuyết
thiếu khác như can, could, have to, must, should, …
Ví dụ:
- He bought some books which he could read during his vacation.
=> He bought some books to read during his vacation.
- I have many homework that I must do.
=> I have many homework to do.
*. GHI NHỚ:
Khi rút gọn mệnh đề về dạng To Infinitive này có hai điểm cần nhớ sau đây:
(1) - Nếu chủ từ hai mệnh đề khác nhau thì thêm cụm “ for somebody ” trước To
Infinitive.
Ví dụ:
- We have some picture books that the children can read.
=>We have some picture books for the children to read.
Tuy nhiên nếu chủ từ đó là các từ có nghĩa chung chung như everyone,
people, .... thì có thể bỏ đi
Ví dụ:
- Studying abroad is the wonderful thing that they must think about.
=> Studying abroad is the wonderful thing to think about.
Nếu trước đại từ quan hệ có giới từ thì phải đưa về cuối câu. (đây là lỗi
dễ sai nhất khi làm bài).
Ví dụ:
- We have a peg on which we can hang our coat.
=> We have a peg to hang our coat on.
- He wants to buy a big garden in which his children can play.
=>He wants to buy a big garden for his children to play in
b. Rút gọn về dạng nguyên thể bị động “To Be + V.p2”
Ta rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ về dạng To Be + V.p2 khi trước nó là cụm danh từ
bắt đầu bằng số thứ tự, hình thức so sánh hơn nhất của tính từ và động từ trong mệnh
đề quan hệ ở dạng bị động.
Ví dụ:
- That was the fifth man who was killed in this month.
=> That was the fifth man to be killed in this month
- There are six letters which have to be written today.
=> There are six letters to be written today.
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Tài liệu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi Tiếng Anh
4. Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ bằng cách sử dụng cụm đồng cách danh từ
Ta có thể rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ về dạng cụm đồng cách danh từ khi mệnh
đề quan hệ có cấu trúc sau đây:
… N + Who/That/Which + V + N/N.P …
( trong đó: N - danh từ; N.P - cụm danh từ)
Ví dụ:
- Bangkok, which is the capital of Thailand, is very beautiful.
=> Bangkok, the capital of Thailand, is very beautiful.
- My uncle, who is an engineer, lives in Hochiminh city.
=> My uncle, an engineer, lives in HCM city.
- Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for health.
=> Football, a popular sport, is very good for health.
5. Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ bằng cách sử dụng cụm giới từ
Ngoài ra, ta còn có thể rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ về dạng cụm giới từ khi mệnh
đề quan hệ có cấu trúc sau đây:
… N + Who/That/Which + V + Prep.Phrase (cụm giới từ)
Ví dụ:
- The students who study in this school have to wear uniforms.
=> The students in this school have to wear uniforms.
- The workers who work in that company are on strike now.
=> The workers in that company are on strike now.
- Do you like the book which is on the table?
=> Do you like the book on the table?
- The bag which is on the table is Mr Spring's.
=> The bag on the table is Mr Spring's.
6. Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ bằng cách sử dụng cụm tính từ ghép
Đây là dạng khá hay của phần rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ mà ít ai để ý đến.
Cách làm dạng này như sau: tìm trong mệnh đề một số đếm và danh từ đi sau nó, sau
đó ta để chúng kế nhau và thêm dấu gạch nối ở giữa. Đem tính từ ghép đó ra
trước danh từ đứng truớc who,which, ... các phần còn lại bỏ hết.
Lưu ý:
Danh từ ở phần tính từ ghép không được để ở dạng số nhiều (thêm S/ES) .
Chỉ dùng được dạng này khi mệnh để tính từ có số đếm
Dùng gạch nối ngăn cách giữa số đếm và danh từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ.
Ví dụ:
- I have a car which has four seats => I have a fourseat car.
- I had a holiday which lasted two days. => I had a twoday holiday.
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Tags: excuse me i'd like some information about english for, we needn't have argued about it.it was waste, it's possible that she didn't hear, 4 Jack isn’t so much interested in Lisa as in her parents' big lortune. Lisa __________________________., we booked seats but it was not necessary because, gẻogre knew how to ride a bicycle, martin needn't have paid for all your tickets, it may be necessary for us to cancel our holiday, i took a jumper but it wasnt necessary, i`m sure he was at home last night